YGEIA
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Bearing A Name That Has Stood For Excellence
Over 73 Years, Heinz Strained Foods Are
Scientifically Prepared
HE tempting, wholesome flavors of
finest-grade fruits, vegetables, meats
and cereals are captured in Heinz
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Mothers can rely implicitly on their
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by Heinz famous 73-year reputation.
Why not order an assortment of Heinz
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enjoy more leisure—and peace of mind!
THESE TWO SEALS
MEAN SAFETY
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e
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YOU PAY NO PREMIUM FOR HEINZ
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1. VITAMINS AND MINERALS
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scientifically cooking finest-grade
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3. FURTHER ASSURANCE of
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and containers in Heinz Quality
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a PS.
2. THE MOST MODERN
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4. ALL HEINZ BABY FOODS
on dealers’ shelves are checked
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To Bridge The Gap Between Strained Foods And Family Meals Give Your Growing
Baby HEINZ JUNIOR FOODS ...They’re Unstrained—And Highly Nutritive!
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L.BIES SUPERVISED ee { rmeaw Sti aA xs ARE BETTER BABIES
42 . .
« Copyright, 1942, Mead Johnson & Company, Evansville, Indiana, U. S. A
FORECAST
The eyes are one of the most important
assets of every human being, old or
young, rich or poor, sick or well,
ignorant or learned, in solitude or in
the midst of the activities of a busy life.
The preservation of normal eyesight
contributes in the highest degree to the
maintenance of our existence and to the
comfort and satisfaction of living.
We cannot have too much or too
accurate a knowledge of these mar-
velous organs of vision, says John O.
McReynolds, M.D., in the first of a series
of HYGEIA articles on eves. Starting
in May.
Did you know that age for age, girls have more
teeth missing, filled or decayed than boys? Or
that 95 per cent of all preschool children have
dental defects—with only 10 per cent receiving
attention?
These are some of the surprising new discoveries
about dental care lately revealed by the United
States Public Health Service. Helpful hints to the
nation’s parents and teachers are also included in
“Healthy Teeth for Uncle Sam's Children,” by
James N. Miller, coming soon in HYGEIA.
Friend's baby have impeligo in the
hospital nursery? Disgraceful! There
ought to be a law!
That the way you look at it? Most
people do, yet actually it isn’t true that
physicians and hospital attendants are to
blame for impetigo in the nursery.
It’s explained by William C,. Danforth,
M.D., who gives faultfinding parents the
lowdown on impetigo in “Spots on the
Baby.” Coming in HYGEITA.,
The newborn infant seems totally helpless. How-
ever, it can suck, make vocal noises, stir about
and eliminate. Limited as they are, these powers
assume great importance to the baby, who soon
realizes that these abilities can be turned into
powerful weapons to control the situation.
The importance of handling feeding problems
calmly and diplomatically is discussed in two
Child Care articles by George M. Lott, M.D.
Crisp, white uniforms are becoming
more and more familiar in American
factories and industrial plants. For
nurses, the industrial field offers new
vocational opportunities, not only be-
cause of the current emphasis on wartime
production, but because executives are
realizing that the industrial nurse is
an indispensable link in the chain of
efficient management. Dorothy Haller
outlines career opportunities for the
nurse in industry in a timely, informative
article.
HY GE
THE HEALTH MAGAZINE
535 N. DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO, ILL.
Published and copyrighted, 1942, by the American
Medical Association. Edited by Morris Fishbein, M.D.
CONTENTS FOR APRIL
R. M. Cunningham Jr. 252
YOUR BLOOD CAN SAVE A SOLDIER!...............0.0.2025. Myron Stearns 254
GASOLINE SOITORICATION. oii cecil iceescee ..Miriam Zeller Gross 257
HOW DOES THE NAVY GET THAT WAY?....... Capt. Lucius W. Johnson, M.D. 258
eae Ee ee 262
IND orto tea chai we ee DEAS Radadn ae ecw aes Robert M. Yoder 264
WHOOPING COUGH JOINS THE PREVENTABLES......... Louis W. Sauer, M.D. 266
EMPLOYMENT iS NATURE’S BEST PHYSICIAN................ John Eisele Davis 268
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD.... .Edward L. Bauer, M.D. 270
SEEING IS BELIEVING Bruno Gebhard, M.D. 272
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF ANESTHESIA........ Logan Clendening, M.D. 274
FOODS AND NUTRITION
Our Nutritional Status. . ....Lt. Col. Amos R. Koontz, M.D. 279
DT ED or GaGiacnrk' hss ca ha weeee’ whinews Rupdiseatra’d vcairaren wae RCS 284
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ; Mees Pere eT ere ee 290
CHILD CARE
Handicapped Children II. The Spastic Child......... Ruth E. Beckey, Ph.D. 302
TEACHING HEALTH
Parent-Teacher Relationships in Schoo! Health.......... George W. Watson 314
BOOKS ON HEALTH......... taaetsavwos ; = Seika sia 317
PUEUUGAE. CHEWS «cesses aKeAG > eta or ientin ORT ee oe pis ci a Ete anata aes 320
HYGEIA, The Health Magazine, is published monthly by the American
Medical Association, 535 N. Dearborn Street, Chicago, Il. Yearly subscrip-
tion price, $2.50; for foreign postage add 75 cents. Single copies, 25 cents.
Volume 20, Number 4. Entered as second-class matter March 21, 1923, at
the postoflice at Chicago, Ill., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Acceptance
for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1,103 Act of
October 3, 1917, authorized March 21, 1923. Printed in U. S. A.
Unsolicited manuscripts will be considered by the Editor but must be
accompanied by a stamped self addressed envelop to insure return if
rejected. Manuscripts should be typewritten, double-spaced, and the orig-
inal, not the carbon copy submitted. All rights reserved.
APRIL 1942 Vol. 20 No. 4
itch
248
250
>
rns 254
ross) = 257
\.D. 258
262
der 264
\.D. 266
avis 268
1.D. 270
\.D. 272
(.D. 274
Lo: 2
284
290
.D. 302
son 314
317
320
L\merican
subscrip-
25 cents.
1923, at
‘ceptance
3 Act of
must be
eturn il
the orig-
oe &
April 1942
What can a man believe in?
Loox into this boy’s eyes.
There you will see something
that ought to make you feel a
good deal better about the uncer-
tainties of these times.
He feels distressed, no doubt
about that. But you can also
see courage there, and what is
more important—faith. He
trusts this man, his doctor.
That doctor is just an ordi-
nary flesh-and-blood human be-
ing, like the rest of us. And yet,
because of his work, he’s some-
one apart.
He is a member of a profession
dedicated to serving humanity.
One who has sworn to the Hip-
pocratic Oath which has been
the physician’s creed for nearly
2400 years—dating back to the
THE PRICELESS INGREDIENT
time of Hippocrates, “‘The
Father of Medicine.’’
It says in part: ‘““Whatsoever
house I enter, there will I
go for the benefit of the sick,
refraining from all wrongdoing
or corruption . . . Whatsoever
things I see or hear concerning
the life of men, in my attend-
ance on the sick or even apart
therefrom, which ought not to
be noised abroad, I will keep
silence thereon, counting such
things to be as sacred secrets.”
As long as this old world con-
tains a profession based upon
such a creed, as long as there are
men who put service to man-
kind ahead of considerations of
money or personal comfort,
much will be left to believe in.
ki ery oqu ibb pr oducl
whether made especially for
prescription by the medical
profession or for proper
everyday use in the home
bears an individual control
number. It means that ea
detail in the product's mak
ing has been checked again
Squibb’s high standards and
recorded under that number
at the Squibb Laboratoric
Look for the name and con
trol number when you buy
You can believe in Squibb.
E R:SQUIBB & SONS
Manufacturing Chemists to the
Medical Profession Since 1858
OF EVERY PRODUCT IS THE HONOR AND INTEGRITY OF ITS MAKER
Copr. 1941 by E. R Squibb 8 Sons
244
“The Adcomber”
looks at Hygeia ads
The Usual Symptoms plus X . add
together to determine diagnosis. That's
how your doctor works ... But what is
X? X is the Human Element, the Great
Unknown—the factor that calls for all
of a medical man’s patience and under-
standing. It’s the reason, too, why only
your doctor can prescribe for you wisely
. safely. Page 277.
°
“Don't
distort
step
Buy
feet
baby’s re”
growing
shoes
with those
bones. correct-fitting
for him buy them often
and buy them reasonably.
Keep
Where
can you get all this? At the Wee
Walker dealers listed on page 309.
.
Want to take a chance today? Then
take it on something you can afford to
lose — NOT ON YOUR FACE! SE-
LECT your cosmetics with the guidance
of a Beauty Counselor. A wide choice
of shades to try ... no haste . . . no
pressure. OR—select with the help of the
handy coupon—page 293.
*
A girl has got to do her baking, hasn't
she? And if the man with the camera
slips up on her, unnoticed—he has to snap
so charming a picture, hasn’t he? AND
YOU HAVE TO TAKE A LOOK, DON’T
YOU? PAGE 241.
4
It's no secret about the freedom
comfort of tampons. ‘
have you heard about the
center” tampon? Holds
300% of its weight in
Name? Page 317.
and
But
“safely
than
moisture.
more
For baby’s amusement and mother’s
peace of mind . . . clever Tykie Toys
are made of washable, non-inflam-
mable, gem-like plastic .. . A SAM-
PLE and pictures of toy styles are
yours for the asking ... page 309.
WANTED: One reliable T. B. De-
tector to warn against early tuberculosis
... Undiscovered to date! But you can
protect yourself and your family by reg-
ular x-rays and chest check-ups. And
here’s the offer of a helpful little book
of up-to-date facts for you... page 278.
o—
Down with bottle nursing
troubles! Up with the’ weight
curve! On with the handy sealing
Evenflo Nurser cap—in a jiffy!
. . . Saves precious hours for busy
mothers and nurses. Page 308.
THE ADCOMBER
HYGEIA
Wleos Ww IN HYGEIA
MIRIAM ZELLER GROSS became
interested in writing about health
problems when she was a patient in
sanatorium, where
she edited the sanatorium journal.
Before her illness thus introduced
her to a new profession, Mrs. Gross
had been an English teacher. A
pedestrian occupation for most of
a_ tuberculosis
its practitioners, teaching was high
adventure for Mrs. Gross. It took
her from a rural school in Alabama,
traveled to and from
work by muleback over red clay
roads, to the South China Sea,
where she lost most of her pos-
sessions in a typhoon. She stayed
in the Philippines, instructing the
youngsters in government schools at
Manila and Cavite, until ill health
compelled her return to the States.
Her health Mrs. Gross
continued — the she had
started as a sanatorium patient. She
specializes in medical subjects and
has collaborated with physicians in
where she
restored,
writing
preparing health stories for maga-
zines and radio presentation. “Gaso-
line Intoxication,” on 257,
shows how
page
well she does it.
A member of the class of 1918 at
Johns Hopkins University Medical
School, LT. COL. AMOS R. KOONTZ,
M.D., received his degree in France.
With several of his classmates, he
had enlisted during his senior year
as a private in the Johns Hop-
kins Base Hospital Unit. He re-
turned after the war to practice
in Baltimore and teach surgery to
Johns Hopkins medical students.
Dr. Koontz resumed active Army
service in November 1940. As Medi-
cal Director of Selective Service for
the State of Maryland, he presents
some reassuring facts about “Our
Nutritional Status” on page 279.
LOUIS W. SAUER, M.D., is an at-
tending physician in the division
of pediatrics on the staff of the
Evanston (Ill.) Hospital, assistant
professor of pediatrics at the North-
western University Medical School,
Chicago, and medical director of
The Cradle, Evanston’s famous home
for infants.
Known the medical
world for his researches in whoop-
ing cough leading to the develop-
ment of the vaccine which _ is
usually identified in medical litera-
ture simply as “Sauer’s vaccine,”
Dr. Sauer tells the story of these
researches for HyGera readers in
“Whooping Cough Joins the Pre-
ventables,” on page 266.
throughout
“ld work for awhile, and then I'd
go to college for a bit, and then I'd
work again,” says ROBERT M.
YODER, describing his education.
The work was reporting for the
Decatur Herald, and the college was
the University of Illinois, con-
veniently near at hand and not far
from the Yoder home in Gibson
City, Ill. Mr. Yoder joined the staff
of the Associated Press in Chicago
in 1933, leaving three years later to
do humorous features for the Chi-
cago Daily News. Readers of the
News have been entertained for the
past two years by his column on
the editorial page, “Sharps and
Flats”—a daily feature which was
started years ago by Eugene Field.
His articles, both sense and non-
sense, have appeared in Reader's
Digest, The Saturday Evening Post,
Esquire, Coronet, American Mer-
cury and other magazines. “Vita-
mania,” in this issue of HyGea, is
reprinted from “Sharps and Flats.”
It’s entertaining, but it isn’t all non-
sense. See for yourself on page 264.
GEIA
in al-
vision
f the
istant
vorth-
thool,
or of
home
dical
hoop-
yelop-
his
itera-
cine,”
these
rs in
Pre-
n Vd
nid
r Mw.
ation.
r =the
2 was
con-
yt far
ibson
staff
icago
er to
Chi-
f the
r the
n on
and
was
ield.
non-
ider’s
Post,
Mer-
‘Vita-
IA, IS
lats.”
non-
» 264.
ipril 1942
“They didn’t know much when I was a kid...”
We know more about children today
than our parents did. We give them
watchful care. . . vitamins . . . planned
liets .. . recreation... all to help make
them the healthiest in history.
But
Take your own child—are you sure you
are we really doing enough?
ire giving him the priceless advantage of
normal vision? Are you sure his eyes are
ill right—that he really sees as he should
—clearly, distinctly, without strain?
Have his eyes examined! Only then
can you-be sure that he is not being
hand apped by poor eyesight!
Remember, he himself may never
suspect that his vision is at fault... be-
cause he has no standard of experience
to guide him. It is your job, as a modern
parent, to find out. It is your duty to
him and his future.
BY BAUSCH & LOMB SOLELY FOR THE SOFT-LITE LENS COMPANY, SQUIBB BUILDING, NEW
Sof
WHAT ARE SOFT-LITE LENSES?
Ler f
) unt of
s the 10
ial shary They
absorb excess light, p
tey 1 fat
f j
to 1 lp
Not with a pretty party
domino, to be lightly
lifted off when the right
partner comes along! Masked instead be-
hind an impersonal shell of pasty makeup—
thickly spread to conceal the coarsening
pores and skin irritations so often caused
by hit-or-miss cosmetics.
Good cosmetics—among them Marcelle
“hypo-allergenic” preparations (free of
known irritants)—are helping charm-wise
women everywhere to rip off ugly, imper-
sonal masks.
Marcelle Cosmetics are known to doctors
and their patients the country over ...adver-
tised in medical journals . . formulas sup-
plied to doctors... nota single secret-—
for every ingredient is selected to help
keep delicate complexions “in the pink” !
Try these wholesome Marcelle Cosmetics,
A week’s supply of five daily necessities for
ten cents—the cost of postage. Mail the
coupon with a dime for your sample set of :
Marcelle hypo-allergenic Cleansing Cream,
Skin Lubricating Cream, Face Powder,
Rouge and Lipstick.
HURRY! HURRY! Shed the old mask. ..
hypo-allergenic
COSMETICS
1741 N. Western Ave., Chicago, Ill.
Please send me the five sample beauty
aids. I enclose 10¢
Blonde. .
Brunette Auburn
NAME
HYGEIA
LETTERS FROM Kpatlerrs
Growth of Children
To the Editor:
By memorizing two simple num-
bers—14,543 pounds and_= 8,432
inches—one can easily remember
the standard size of a child for
the first four years. The average
child gains 14 pounds in the first
vear, 5 pounds in the second, 4 in
the third and 3 in the fourth. Its
usual growth may be said to average
8 inches for the first year of life,
4 inches for the second year, 3
inches for the third and 2 inches for
the fourth. I think most people do
not realize how simply these facts
can be associated. ...
EuGENE C. Peck, M.D.
Department of Health
State of Maryland
News Service Library
To the Editor:
Your magazine is a valuable addi-
tion to my reference library, will
be constantly referred to and infor-
mation taken from it will be cited
as having come from this source.
Freperic J. HASKIN
The Haskin Information Service
Washington, D. C.
Digest in India
To the Editor:
As a constant reader of HYGEIA,
I believe your paper is the best
thing I have ever come across in
this line of journalism. In India,
I regret to say, we have nothing of
the kind, although we do get in-
undated with missionary papers
that approach health problems via
religion.
There is a great need for awaken-
ing health consciousness in_ this
country. So many articles appear
in HyaGera that are applicable to
conditions here that if a digest were
to be produced of articles from
HyGe1A translated and published in
the vernaculars, it might go at least
a little way toward improving
health conditions. I have spoken
about this idea to doctors and they
are all enthusiastic. May we have
your permission to reproduce such
articles or extracts?
Dinos S.
Jiji House
Bombay, India
BASTAVALA.,
Permission has been given.—Ep.
Health Texts
To the Editor:
The article on “False Health
Notions” in the January Hycera
prompts me to write stating my
views on the school’s side of this
argument and making a suggestion.
Even in this article very little ex-
planation is given as to the reason
for these misbeliefs. People will
believe fallacies until they know
the reasons why they are false. A
slogan is powerful and only real
understanding can combat an un-
true one.
I suggest .. . a text or
texts on medical knowledge for the
schools. We have a course in law
why not one in medicine?
PAauL G. WEILER
Union Township School
Van Wert, Ohio
Several excellent texts are avail-
able, and a list of them will be sent
on request to interested schools.
Then, too, there’s HyGe1a.—Eb.
series of
Your Wish Is Our Wish
To the Editor:
May I take this opportunity to
tell you that I consider your maga-
zine one of the finest efforts in
health education. I only wish i
could be read in every home.
FLORENCE I. MAHONEY, M.D.
Staunton, Va.
HYGEIA
ished in
» at least
Iproving
spoken
ind they
we have
ice such
AVALA,
en.—Eb.
Health
HYGEIA
ing my
of this
soestion.
ittle ex-
» reason
le will
y know
alse. A
ily real
an un-
eries of
for the
n law
WEILER
e avail-
be sent
schools.
“D.
nity to
r maga-
orts in
wish il
ry, M.D.
April 1942
ee
a
ait
Salute to a car with brand-new tires
Ts CAR itself isn’t new. But
it’s one of the very few in this
small town that can boast a set of
brand-new tires. And the funny
part of it is that the rest of the
townsfolk—the ones who will have
to skimp along with worn or re-
treaded rubber or no rubber at all
—are actually glad this car has
rugged new tires on its wheels.
For it belongs to a man who’s
mighty important in their little
community. In fact, there isn’t a
family in town that would want to
try getting along without him.
Just ask the fathers and hus-
bands and sons who punch the
clock every morning over at the
x BUY
work-hour counts, the physician
job of maintaining health is doubly
important. But it ts a job he cann
do alone.You must do your part, by
local factory—and the ones who
run the grocery store, the hard-
ware store, and the dry goods store.
Ask the mothers and wives who
manage the homes and feed and _ keeping “‘on the alert’ against sick
clothe their families. ness... and enlisting your doctot
Ask the boys and girls, too. For aid at the first sign of troubl
this man with the new-tired car is
a very special friend of theirs.
The family physician, everyone
will agree, is the last man a com-
munity would willingly be without.
You have only to imagine what it
would be like, living in a town
where there was no doctor.
7o keep working—
you must keep well.
SEE YOUR DOCTOR
PARKE, DAVIS & COMPANY, -«o1, micnican
DEFENSE STAMPS AND BONDS x Copyright, 194
And today, when every war-time 4,
EDITORIAL
AYGEIA
The Campaign for
ITH THE FIRST rationing of a food sub-
stance—sugar—the war comes home
intimately to every American. Fortu-
nately sugar is one food above all others which
can be rationed in the United States with
probable benefit to the vast majority of Ameri-
can people. Our annual consumption of sugar
has varied from 25 pounds per person per year
in the early 1800’s to 100 pounds per person
per year in the 1920’s. Sugar is an energy
food; it provides none of the values that we
call protective. The chief advantage of the
protective foods is their content of mineral
salts and vitamins. Yet for every practical
In connection with the National Nutrition Program, President Roosevelt says: “Efficiency
and stamina depend on proper food. We do not lack the means of producing food in abun-
dance. Our task is to translate this abundance into reality for every American family.”
YGEIA
ar
* year
erson
nergy
at we
f the
neral
ctical
iciency
) abun-
amily.”
April 1942
EDITORIAL
-49
Improved Nutrition
Parents today owe their children the obligation of scientific
feeding. A nation with our vast resources need not fear starva-
tion or hunger if we conserve and use our foods intelligently
purpose we must consider foods from the point
of view of proteins, carbohydrates and fats,
mineral salts and vitamins.
For years HyaGet1a has been trying to tell the
story of good nutrition from every possible
point of view. There have been articles dis-
cussing the well balanced diet and discussing
each ingredient of the well balanced diet sepa-
rately. The food fads and follies have been
exposed, yet regardless of every possible effort
that can be made, there are great numbers of
Americans who still eat much more from the
point of view of appetite than from the point
of view of the foods necessary to health and
growth.
From various governmental agencies in-
numerable pamphlets are available which tell
again and again in different ways the essential
facts that every one needs to know about food.
From every national organization in the food
field, including the grocer, the dairymen, the
packers, the canners, the producers of butter
and oleomargarine, the bakers and the millers,
excellent pamphlets are now available telling
how the essential foods may be had at a reason-
able price. Yet with all of this vast outpouring
of publicity and educational material issued
through newspapers, magazines, motion pic-
tures and over the radio, there are still great
humbers of people who do not know thiamine
from niacin, to whom ascorbic acid is some-
thing to be avoided because it is acid, who
think that the whole purpose of iodine is to
be painted on wounds.
In the desire to make the necessary food
factors easily available, committees represent-
ing scientific bodies and governmental agencies
have encouraged the enrichment of flour by
the addition of portions of the vitamin B com-
plex, calcium and iron. Both our Army and
our Navy are going to make that type of flour
the usual flour used on ships and among troops
even in the field. Nevertheless even though
millers throughout the nation have encouraged
the average housewife to buy enriched flour
and to purchase bread with enriched flour,
the campaign is not seizing the public fancy
as it should. Eating is largely habitual. We
become accustomed to certain foods which we
know we like, and most of us hesitate to try
new foods because of the fear of unpleasant
experiences.
Examination of the young men who were
registered under the Selective Service indicated
that only a fraction of 1 per cent were under-
weight by military standards. Many, however,
had evidence in their bodies of nutritional
errors when they were young. The parents
of today owe to their children the obligation
of scientific feeding. A nation with our vast
resources certainly need not fear starvation or
hollow hunger if we conserve our foods prop-
erly. Unless we are intelligent, however, we
will continue to suffer from those deprivations
of essential substances that have been char-
acterized as hidden hunger. Knowledge of
foods and their effects on the human body is
as essential as cleanliness for optimum health.
A motion picture released by the Federal Security
Agency in connection with the National Nutrition
Program, “Hidden Hunger,” is being shown in movie
theaters throughout the country. Its purpose: to
help eliminate malnutrition by emphasizing good
buying, cooking and eating habits for Americans
HYGEIA
A daily balanced diet for good health should include
all these items—the minimum essential daily food
requirements listed in the picture “Hidden Hunger.”
HE NEWER KNOWLEDGE of nutrition—
vitally important to the health of the entire
nation—is presented in “Hidden Hunger,”
a motion picture released recently by the Fed-
eral Security Agency as a part of the National
Nutrition Program. To be shown in movie
houses throughout the country, the two-reel
film tells how to avoid money waste through
improper buying of foods and food waste
through improper cooking. The minimum
essentials of a well balanced diet are empha-
sized in this project, which “looks toward a
stronger and healthier America,” in the words
of Federal Security Administrator Paul V.
McNutt.
Made in Hollywood under professional
supervision and starring well known movie
personalities, the picture presents its edu-
cational material through the medium of an
entertaining scenario—the exciting adventures
of a farmer who starts a one-man crusade to
change the eating habits of the nation.
Faced a year ago with the fact that two oul
of every five persons suffered from “hidden
hunger”—malnutrition, the National Nutrition
Advisory Committee outlined a country-wide
LYGEIA
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ipril 1942
policy to combat unnecessary deficiencies in
ihe average American diet. “Hidden Hunger”
is one of the significant features of the national
program which has resulted.
Choosing foods with care, spending wisely,
cooking vegetables with a view to the retention
of nutritious ingredients—which means cook-
ing without soda and without too much water—
are among the important tips for housewives
included in the film. Minimum daily essentials
for greatest health, it is pointed out, are:
1 egg, 1 pint of milk, 2 vegetables and a potato,
an orange, or tomato juice, and another fruit,
3 slices of whole wheat or enriched white
bread, 2 tablespoons of butter or margarine
and 1 serving of meat.
“See ‘Hidden Hunger’ in your neighborhood
theater,” the Federal Security Agency urges.
“Remember its message when you walk into
the market to buy food or into the kitchen to
cook. Remember it when you eat—the right
food not only leads to good health but adds
to the joy of living.” The importance of proper
nutrition in the national crisis is emphasized in
a statement made by President Roosevelt in
connection with the initial showing of “Hidden
Hunger” in Washington last month. “Total
defense demands manpower,” the President
said. “Efficiency and stamina depend on
proper food. We do not lack the means of
producing food in abundance and variety. Our.
task is to translate this abundance into reality
for every American family!”
‘This paper bag will hold enough vitamin-containing foods
to feed a man every day,” says Walter Brennan, star of
“Hidden Hunger,” in his one-man crusade for good health
through sound eating (top). Center: Thrifty buying is
emphasized in the film; “you don’t have to buy a fancy
steak—a cheaper cut of beef is just as nourishing, and
you can make it look and taste just as good.” Right:
A housewife is urged to conserve food by proper cooking.
HYGEIA
“They Shall Not Die in Vain”
By R. M. CUNNINGHAM Jr.
OST PHYSICIANS seeking permission to
perform an autopsy, and according to
the law in most states such permission
must be obtained in writing from the family
before the procedure may be _ undertaken,
approach the subject gingerly, avoiding the
word “autopsy” like the plague and _ substi-
tuting euphemisms like “examination,” or
“operation after death.” They emphasize the
fact that the body will not be mutilated, and
that future generations may benefit from the
knowledge to be gained.
Most families resist instinctively when the
autopsy is first proposed. “He’s_ suffered
enough already,” they may say of the dead
with complete illogic, or, “It’s against our
religion,” or, to the argument that posterity
may benefit, “Let somebody else do it.”. Among
thoughtful, intelligent people, the necessity for
advancing medical science through autopsies
will ultimately prevail with the majority. In
less enlightened communities, no amount of
persuasion will always overcome the stubborn
reluctance which arises from a feeling that
there’s something gruesome about the whole
idea.
That autopsies are really important in medi-
cal education and research is demonstrated
in the means which have been developed to
combat the reluctance of such fear-ridden
families. Many hospitals have prepared bro-
chures to assist staff members in approaching
the bereaved family, including specific instruc-
tions on what to say and when to say it, and
how to answer each objection that may be
raised—imuch the kind of thing the encyclo-
pedia people get out for their salesmen calling
on housewives. Hospital authorities consider
the “autopsy ratio,” or percentage of hospital
deaths followed by autopsy, one significant
index to the quality of an institution’s profes-
sional work. An alert, progressive medical
staff, it is felt, should be eager to check the
accuracy of its diagnoses and the effectiveness
of its management of disease through post-
mortem examinations. Proper emphasis on the
education of younger staff members, resident
physicians and interns is possible only when
autopsies are performed frequently to com-
plete the pattern of history, symptoms, diag-
nosis, treatment and outcome. Without actual
observation of the effects of disease, the prac-
tice of medicine never could have become
much more than solemn guesswork; exami-
nations of the body after death provide the
opportunity for the most important of these
observations.
An autopsy ratio of 70 per cent or higher
generally indicates excellent staff performance,
and, in fact, the Council on Medical Education
and Hospitals of the American Medical Associ-
ation recognizes this by giving institutions
achieving this ratio honor standing in_ its
annual publication of autopsy ranking, an
event which is anticipated by hospital people
throughout the country with much the same
sagerness that college students await the an-
nouncement of commencement honors. Forty
of the 725 hospitals approved for intern train-
ing by the Council reached an honor ranking
last year. It is likely that all deaths in all
these hospitals were attended by an organized
effort to obtain consent to perform an autopsy;
such a high percentage of failures is uncom-
mon enough in projects undertaken by doctors
to indicate the deep-seated nature of the preju-
dice against autopsies.
Not long ago, I heard the medical director
and chief surgeon of a large hospital discussing
a family which had resisted their joint per-
suasion and refused to consent to an autopsy.
Apparently, the case had been a particularly
difficult one; it appeared that the surgeon and
members of several departments of the medi-
‘al staff had looked forward with interest to
an examination which might provide the clue
to what had obviously been an unusual combi-
nation of symptoms. Their disappointment at
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ipril 1942
the family’s verdict was manifest. The family’s
spokesman had insisted that the body would
he mutilated—he didn’t want any part of it,
and that was that.
| tried to put myself in the position of that
spokesman, the eldest son, and I saw more than
ionorance in his stubbornness. “He couldn't
accept your assurances that no such thing
would happen,” I said to the doctors, “because
The scene is similar to that of an operating room during surgery
—the group in white around a central table, the students peer-
ing down from a viewing stand, with hushed, intense interest.
he didn’t know what you were talking about
Having only the vaguest notion of what an
autopsy is like, his natural feeling was on
of suspicion and fear, and the chances are
your efforts to create the impression that
there’s nothing much to it increased his feat
rather than otherwise. He knew better.”
As we talked about it, I became convinced
that I had something
(Continued on page 278
254
Scene at New York Red Cross headquarters: hemo-
globin test to determine a donor's suitability.
Your Blood Can
HYGEIA
;
a”
The blood pressure test is another step in the
careful process of selecting the actual donors.
Save a Soldier!
By MYRON STEARNS
ERE IS ONE THING which can be done
by all healthy Americans who want to
serve and do not know how: give to
your country a small portion of your own
blood. The Army and Navy of the United
States want blood plasma for transfusions at
the scene of battle. It is now being collected
from voluntary donors by the Red Cross. The
amount requested is 365,000 individual dona-
tions of about one pint each, by July 1. This
gift can save the lives of thousands of Ameri-
can sailors and soldiers. As yet less than half
of it has been collected.
In the last war, the method of restoring
blood lost by a wounded man was direct,
arm-to-arm transfusion from another whose
blood was of the same type. But on the battle-
field whole-blood transfusion is difficult, dan-
gerous and often impossible. Only in the last
few years have medical men worked out the
answer. It is the use of plasma, one of sci-
ence’s major miracles.
Plasma is the liquid portion of human blood.
Separated from the perishable red corpuscles,
it is a pale yellow fluid. While it does not
contain all the substances the body’s circu-
lation needs, when pumped into the vein of
a wounded person soon after the injury it
can make all the difference between life and
death. Plasma is universal—anybody’s plasma
can go into the body of anybody else. The
technic of getting it from donors’ veins has
been perfected. It can now be preserved and
sent great distances for emergency use.
Whether or not he actually loses blood
through an open wound, nearly every severely
wounded person suffers from “traumatic
shock.” Liquid flows from the blood vessels
into the damaged tissues. When you bang
vour head, the swelling that soon follows is
‘aused by plasma that has quit its regular job
in your circulation and rushed to the scene of
trouble. The worse the trouble, the more
plasma is drawn off. Then the heart no longer
gets enough blood to run on smoothly; it races
like the engine of a ship when the propeller
is thrown out of the water. Unless some liquid
is promptly injected into the blood, the injured
man can be said to “bleed to death,” even
though no blood has actually left his body.
Plasma not only restores volume, but has
power to draw back into the bloodstream fluid
which has escaped into the tissues.
Salt solution may do in a pinch—for a very
short time. But what all doctors want to have
available on the spot for such an emergency
is plasma, which will keep the injured man
alive for hours until, at leisure and under thie
sanitary conditions possible only in a hospital,
the loss, if necessary, can be completely made
—
sooner:
kan te
iEIA
{pril 1942
The Red Cross headquarters in Chicago is busy with donors, needs more. Right: donor's
blood being taken. Center: Nurse has labeled freshly drawn blood as donor recuperates
i>
- ‘
Closeup of donor’s arm during the process ot
drawing off blood. A pint at a time is enough.
up by a whole-blood transfusion. For plasma,
though vital in an emergency, must often be
supplemented by whole blood.
Even in mild shock, a quart or more of
plasma may be,absorbed into the tissues from
the blood stream. In severe shock this loss
may be doubled. From 2 to 4 pints of plasma
are usually necessary to restore the blood pres-
Flasks of whole blood are unpacked in processing
laboratory, where the plasma will now be separated
sure to normal. If plasma can be administered
promptly, the quantity required is far less than
would be required later.
Last October, even before we were at war,
the American destroyer Kearney was struck by
a torpedo at midnight. A heavy sea was run-
ning. The ship’s siren, pulled open by the
force of the explosion, screeched deafeningly,
256
After whole blood is whirled at 2,500 r.p.m. in a centri-
fuge, the liquid plasma is drawn off the top, like cream
(top, left). Liquid plasma is frozen and pumped dry in
the hugh vacuum tank shown at the right, leaving a dried
powder ready for storage and transportation to war areas.
Flasks of the dry plasma are vacuum sealed in the final
step in its preparation for transportation and use (lower
left). Restoring the dry plasma to liquid form for use in
emergency transfusions is speedily accomplished (right).
A sterile needle punctures the stopper, adding the liquid.
HYGEIA
without stopping. But there was no confusion.
All members of the crew who were not killed
or seriously wounded stuck at their stations to
repel further attack. Chief Boatswain’s Mate
Frontakowski was seriously injured when a
lifeboat, torn from its moorings, swept across
the slanting deck of the damaged ship. His
face began to turn ashy gray from shock.
Presently a patrol plane which had put out
from a shore base dropped a_ package of
plasma wrapped in waterproof covering on the
sea alongside the destroyer. It was recovered
and brought aboard. Frontakowski received
three injections of plasma, and lived.
At Pearl Harbor hundreds of lives were
saved by transfusions, first of plasma, then of
whole blood. Of the small supply of plasma
collected from American donors before Decem-
ber, some 750 units (a “unit” is 500 cubic centi-
meters, or about 1 pint) had already been
shipped to Hawaii and were ready for instant
use. Army and navy base hospitals, as well
as the city of Honolulu, were close at hand
so that plasma could be copiously supple-
mented by transfusions (Continued on page 299)
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ij ril 1942
Gasoline Intoxication
The danger of gasoline poisoning is on the increase as American
motorists and industrial workers are exposed more and more to
gasoline fumes. A recent study of the subject is reported here
By MIRIAM ZELLER GROSS
LANES CRASH. Cities are bombed. Other
dramatic events in the theater of modern
civilization give pause and make us won-
der what price the future. But hazards of
present day life creep up on us without fanfare
and so go unnoticed. Take for example the
hazard of gasoline poisoning and intoxication.
Gasoline is poisonous!
Poisoning by petroleum products has been
recognized as a danger ever since these prod-
ucts found commercial use. But relatively few
cases have been reported and not much atten-
tion has been paid to them.
The picture is changing, warns Dr. Willard
Machle of Cincinnati, writing on gasoline
intoxication in The Journal of the American
Medical Association. He points out that these
dangers are on the increase and indicates that
it behooves American people to inform them-
selves on the subject. The increased use of
gasoline and the greater toxicity of that now
used are the more important reasons why
gasoline poisoning is a pertinent subject.
We now use more than 2,000,000,000 gallons
of gasoline each month. We used but half
that amount in 1927, and the increase is almost
entirely due to its use as a motor fuel. Thus
increasingly greater numbers of motorists as
well as the men employed in producing, dis-
tributing, and marketing gasoline are exposed
to possible harm from it. There are more
than twice as many service stations today as
there were fifteen years ago. There were
226,000 in 1938, and the number has been
increasing at the rate of about 100,000 a year.
The war schedule, with its vast expansion of
motorized divisions, and the aviation program
mean gasoline use at a rate never hitherto
dreamed. Too, it means the handling of gaso-
line under what may not always be ideal safety
conditions. All of these, reasons Dr. Machle,
mean that gasoline poisoning will occur more
and more often.
Today gasoline is a much more complicated
chemical entity, although it looks and smells
the same as it did years ago. This is because
chemists have improved their methods of
refining. A gallon of crude oil yields a much
greater quantity of gasoline now than was
thought possible in 1925. Gasoline is a mix-
ture of petroleum hydrocarbons. It varies
widely, but chemists say it consists of four gen-
eral groups, paraftins, olefins, naphthenes and
aromatics. Formerly almost 70 per cent of the
production was what is termed straight run,
and consisted mainly of paraffinic hydrocar-
bons. Today only about 40 per cent of our
gas is of this type, while all the rest is more
highly refined: cracked, reformed, or polymer-
ized. For years, it has (Continued on page 293)
258
HYGEIA
How Does the Navy
HEN NEXT you see a man in the uni-
form of the United States Navy, take
your mind out of neutral, slip it gently
into gear, and give a little thought to this
human phenomenon. The sailor is more than
just a lad in wide pants. He is the essential
ingredient in one of Uncle Sam’s most vital
tasks, and his health is as carefully guarded
as though he were a prince of the royal house.
Healthy men are the working capital of this
business of national defense. Like any good
business man, Uncle Sam endeavors to build up
his capital and prevent waste. A trained navy
man is the product of a long, costly and ardu-
ous process of training and selection. If one
is lost, he cannot be replaced by simply calling
up the employment bureau. The only possible
source from which the vacant billet can be
filled is through the same prolonged period
of education. One of the most important les-
sons acquired in one hundred and fifty years
of running a navy is that protection of the 4dife
and health of the sailor is good joss and gives a
rich return on the investment.
Under the direction of the
Surgeon General, the Medical
Department of the Navy exer-
cises a benign supervision over
the health of the sailor through-
out his service career. Its mis-
sion has been stated thus: to
keep as many men at as many
guns as many days as possible.
Its one purpose is to get healthy
men and to keep them that
way.
The sailor’s first contact with
the doctor is at the recruiting
station, where there is a careful
physical examination of each
applicant for enlistment. It is
eyen more important to keep
persons with communicable
diseases out of our ships and
barracks than it is to detect the
disease after it appears. So, in addition to
other measures, each recruit has a blood test,
and an x-ray is made of his lungs to detect
any trace of tuberculosis. Of all the fifth
column diseases working from within, none is
more insidious than tuberculosis, for the close
quarters in which men must live in some
warships are most favorable to its spread.
Only way you can tell that this completely equipped
dentist's office (below) is on board ship is by the
port-holes; everything else is just about as you see
it at your dentist’s—if a _ little less spacious!
Opposite page: The U. S. S. Solace, shown at anchor,
is one of the Navy's great floating hospitals. Wards
on board ship, however, could never be mistaken for
hospital wards ashore; bedside care is every bit as
satisfactory, but shore beds stand on their own legs!
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260
Some people are psychic. They
can detect a statistic a long way
off, and will turn the dial to some-
thing else. If you are that way,
hold fast, for here are just a few
figures that may interest you. A
recent study showed that of every
100 average young men who ap-
plied for enlistment at a navy
recruiting station, about one third
were advised at the first interview
not to complete their applications
because of evident defects, moral,
physical or educational. This
saved them from the stigma of
being rejected. Then the very
careful physical examination re-
vealed disqualifying defects in
another one third, so only 32 of
the original 100 survived this far.
Of these, 13 failed to meet the
educational requirements, and 6
were found to have an unsatis-
factory moral or family back-
ground.
The remaining 13 were enlisted
and sent to the naval training
stations, where the process of
selection and_ elimination — stil
continued to operate. During the
training period, one was dis-
charged for latent physical de-
fects, and one for misconduct or
inaptitude. Thus our 100 average
applicants dwindled to 11 recruits
suitable to be sent aboard ship
for assimilation into the Navy. A
man may well feel self satisfied
after surviving such a_ severe
process of selection. In spite of
the recent huge expansion of the
Navy, it has not been found
necessary to reduce materially
the standards of entrance.
For every man who enters the
Navy, a health record is prepared,
and it accompanies him through-
out his naval career. It contains
a full account of all injuries,
sickness, inoculations and dental
treatment. It knows all and tells
all, but only to the doctor.
To enlist only healthy men is
important, but then there is the
obligation of keeping them that
(Continued on page 287)
9
ai 4
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see 5
Inside, Navy hospitals the world over are trim models of the
scientific efficiency characteristic of American medicine. Out-
side, they take on the appearance of their surroundings. Top:
Patio of the United States Naval Hospital at San Diego, Calif.,
whose 2,000 beds make it the Navy's largest hospital unit.
Center: The Naval Hospital at Pensacola, Fla., serves the
world’s greatest naval training station. Bottom: The
Navy's hospital on the Island of Guam, now in enemy hands.
fe 4
=.
EIA April 1942 4
Examining a husky recruit for physical fitness (above
Rigorous physical standards make the selection of men
an important function of the Navy’s Medical Department
ATOT CO weae”
HP REP Ce eme
the “They're safer on board ship than they are ashore,” is
Dut- what the Navy's Medical Department tells parents who
op: worry about seagoing sons. Scene in the orthopedic ward
slif., of a naval hospital, where motor vehicle accidents are
init. the commonest cause of disabilities. Right: Keeping the
the Navy fit is another big task for Navy doctors. Eyesight
The 's tested periodically to make certain that Navy eyes
nds. will be on the alert to spot enemy periscopes and planes.
262
LABORA!
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pital; ° ~aece Californl® — ay technic’
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from active service by some slight physical impairment—thousands
of civilians are clamoring for a place imthe nation’s defense. State
and municipal military organizations, defense industries and volunteer
services of all kinds offer opportunities for useful work—and few of
these are failing to get their full quota of manpower.
Under the circumstances, it is surprising that there should be any
shortage in a field which is vital to the welfare of our armed forces
and our civilian population as well, a field which offers the civilian
rare opportunities to perform useful service for the government and
at the same time prepare himself for what may become a useful and
profitable career after the war—yet this is actually the case. There
is a shortage of properly trained medical technicians.
[ire OLD OR TOO YOUNG TO FIGHT—or perhaps disqualified
AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SERVICE
Demands on the medical profession to furnish the personnel neces-
sary for adequate care of thousands of men concentrated in training
camps and thousands of civilians suddenly removed to defense indus-
try centers have been met as physicians everywhere have volunteered
or have been called from medical schools, from hospitals and from
private practice into the service of the government. In order that their
sacrifices shall be most effective in providing the complete medical
care needed in all branches of the armed service and all industrial
centers, medical departments must be fully staffed with qualified
clinical laboratory technicians, x-ray technicians, physical therapists
and occupational therapists. While no medical (Continued on page 318)
HYGEIA
tpril 1942
a
7?
X-ray technician prepares patient for
the chest examination (above). Tech-
nical personnel must be trained in
the operation of diagnostic and thera-
peutic equipment and prepared to
make proper and accurate observa-
tions which assist the physician in
making final judgments. Right:
The clinical laboratory technician
Performs tests for the pathologist.
264 HYGEIA
VITAMANIA
RosBertT M. YODER, newspaper columnist, has fun
with a recent report on the mass administration of
vitamins. Reprinted from the Chicago Daily News
REPORT from six doctors, read before a
conference on industrial health the other
day, said a critical word about vitamins.
The chances of increasing industrial produc-
tion by feeding vitamin pills to the workers,
these killjoys seemed to think, are not very
great. “Industry would better spend the money
on research,” they concluded, “than on vita-
min pills.”
It is the first setback the vitamins have
received in a long time, and in certain fac-
tories, where the management has been passing
~
J *
OL rami ations ~
iid en
Increasing industrial production by feeding vitamin
pills to the workers doesn’t work, say the killjoys.
out free vitamin tablets; the practice probably
will cease, unless it is some little preparation
that has done the boss a world of good, in
which case the practice undoubtedly will con-
tinue. For true vitamin lovers will not be
discouraged by any mild six-doctor criticism.
If six doctors spend six hours a day for six
weeks, they could not shatter the loving faith
the vitamin-takers have in their vitamins.
As a matter of fact, the true vitamin fans
will put the doctors’ critical mood down to a
lack of vitamin B,, which supplies energy, gives
vitality to the nerves, improves the dis-
position, makes you catnip to the oppos-
ing sex and restores the nap on rugs.
As a matter of fact, it seems doubtful
that anything any number of doctors
could say could stop the vitamin pastime
at this stage of the game. Thousands
are taking vitamins without ever having
asked a doctor’s opinion on the subject.
They just picked out some vitamin they
liked, and now they wouldn’t be with-
out it.
Short of an announcement from the
American Medical Association that vila-
mins are poison, these vitamin fans will
keep right on taking them, for nothing
in the field of medicine has furnished
so much innocent entertainment to so
many healthy people.
RIA
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ipril 1942
While more expensive than such things as
gin rummy or Chinese checkers, vitamin-
taking is every bit as popular, maybe more
popular. For one thing, there is nothing to
learn, no rules to master, and any one can
play who has sense enough to open his mouth
before taking a pill.
What is a mild word of doubt from six doc-
tors, against a sport as easy and enjoyable
as that?
Helping to give the vitamin pills their great
popular appeal, of course, is the fact that they
Vitamin fans carry their supply right with them, the
way gentlemen used to carry their silver snuffboxes.
come in small and highly scientific looking
bottles, so that most of the vitamin fans carry
their supply right with them, the way gent!
men used to carry a silver snuffbox. Obvi-
ously, nobody would take vitamin T, made
from the livers of adolescent sharks, if he had
to carry the shark with him and wring it out,
and that isn’t what I mean. I mean he doesn't
even have to carry a pint bottle, for the stuf!
comes in bottles no larger than a pocket-knife.
This is exceptionally handy; far handier
than the old fashioned tonics, of which a
quart was a small order and a gourdful a small
dose. Along with this, the vitamin pills have
impressive labels. Why the patent medicine
men don’t get wise to this, and sell their stuff
by its chemical description instead of using
patent medicine names, is hard to see; they are
missing a bet. The vitamin bottles contain
reading matter with real style to it, up to and
including “para-aminobenzoic acid.” I forget
just what marvel para-aminobenzoic acid per-
forms; it may be the Gladness Vitamin, that
makes you a bundle of joy, or it may be the
vitamin that wards off premature senility in
copper miners. It doesn’t matter. The point
is, a title like that makes the customer feel he
is really getting something for his money.
In addition, while the vitamin pills are
costly, each pill is believed to be a miracle of
concentration. When the customer takes one
of those, he may not know what he is taking,
but whatever it is, he believes he is taking
10,000 units of it, each unit representing the
thyroid glands of an entire herd of rare
Andalusian mountain goats. A jolt like that
is a bargain at any price.
£ach of those 10,000 units represents the thyroid
glands of an entire herd of rare Andalusian goats!
266
HYGEIA
These four boys helped to write medical history a few years ago
by submitting to experiments—conducted by their father and his
(
associates—which aided development of whooping cough vaccine.
Whooping Cough Joins
ACK IN 1933, four small boys—brothers—
and their mother shut themselves into an
apartment in Evanston, IIl., in a voluntary
quarantine which has had far-reaching effects
in the elimination of the one of the most
dreaded diseases of childhood. All the boys
had been inoculated with 150 pertussis bacilli
whooping cough germs. Four months earlier,
their father and his associates had injected
into two of them a whooping cough vaccine
prepared at the Evanston Hospital Whooping
Cough Research Laboratory. Conditions in
the apartment were carefully controlled to
simulate the intimate exposures of indoor
childhood play. The experiment was to prove,
once and for all, that the disease was caused
solely by the pertussis bacillus, and that it
could be prevented by injections of the power-
ful vaccine. The boys’ father—a doctor—
supervised all the details of the test, which
had been carefully planned for over a year,
and the mother—a former nurse—kept an
accurate, day to day record of observations on
all the boys throughout the period of their
confinement.
Within a fortnight after the bacilli had been
dropped into their nostrils—just as a child
might breathe them in if exposed at play to a
whooping cough patient—the boys who had
rot been vaccinated developed a cough thal
became progressively worse. Plates exposed
to the coughing boys became overgrown with
colonies of the whooping cough germ—many
more than had been introduced into their
nostrils two weeks earlier! Their coughs and
blood counts became typical of the disease.
The boys who had been vaccinated previ-
ously never coughed, nor could a single colony
T
April 1942
9; -
i
The best way to make an early diagnosis of whooping cough, by
means of the cough plate, was developed in Denmark in 1916. The
germs appear on a plate after exposure to the child’s breath.
Cough plate showing six colonies
of germs, and (below) the pertus
sis bacillus, magnified 1750 times
the Preventables | s, sous w. saver
of the pertussis bacillus be recovered from
cough plates held before their mouths as they
tried to produce coughs. The count of their
white blood cells remained normal, in spite of
every effort to make the exposure to their dis-
eased brothers effective. To this day, neither
of the vaccinated boys has had whooping
cough! Thus, after centuries of dreadful epi-
demics and after more than thirty years of
specific observations of the germ itself, it was
finally proved that whooping cough can be
prevented. Widespread use of the vaccine
since the completion of the Evanston experi-
ment has brought uniformly satisfactory re-
sults where proper concentrations of the vac-
cine are injected into children at intervals
shown to be most effective.
According to medical historians whose writ-
ings have been preserved in the archives of
European capitals, whooping cough swept over
the land in periodic, devastating epidemics not
unlike cholera, scarlet fever and smallpox, at
the time of Columbus and for centuries there-
after. Making a microscopic study of the
mucus that an infant with whooping cough
had coughed up, Bordet and Gengou, bac-
teriologists at the Brussels Pasteur Institute,
first saw the whooping cough bacillus in 1900.
The germ was present in abundance in the
pearls of mucus obtained from the child, who
had never been ill before. Six vears later,
Bordet and Gengou succeeded in isolating and
growing the pertussis bacillus on a_blood-
containing culture medium which is. still
known by their names.
were so complete that little of importance has
been added since.
germ grow slowly com- (Continued on page 305)
Their observations
The colonies of this evasive
268
HYGEIA
EMPLOYMENT
Is Nature’s Best Physician
ty MPLOYMENT is nature’s best physician,”
said the Greek physician and philoso-
pher Galen, in 172 A. D., and he added
this pungent fact: “It is essential to human
happiness.” Had he lived today, he might have
said also that employment of the hands and
mind is necessary for the creation and stability
of mental health.
The hygienic use of employment of the body
as an aid to health was probably first given
a therapeutic status by Phillip Pinell in France
in 1791. In 1799, the Society of Friends in
York, England, opened what is considered by
many to have been the first modern mental
hospital. Their manager, Dr. Samuel Tuke,
a leading hospital administrator of his time,
in discussing occupation for the mentally sick
pointed out that “there is less danger from
putting the spade and hoe in the hands of a
large proportion of mental patients than from
shutting them up in idleness.”
With the passing of the humanizing years in
the evolution of medicine, the art of “just
keeping busy,” which was the basis of the early
employment of work as therapy, has been
gradually turned to a more exact and compre-
hensive application of arts and crafts in treat-
ment. Shortly before, during and immediately
after the World War interest began to arise
in this widening field of treatment, and the
idea that included only rug and basket-making
soon went by the board. Today a regimen of
occupational therapy includes occupation,
physical training and recreation. Whereas
the early ideals were to divert the patient
from his troubles, the modern objective is to
employ the body in purposive and carefully
planned activities which will have a desirable
effect on the mind and will assist physical
function. It is easily conceivable that the
fabrication of a beautiful rug, the development
of a skill in some sport, or the ability to assimi-
late and discuss the plot and production of
Besides giving the patient something to do,
occupational therapy improves the morale and
provides a wholesome release for the energy
which might otherwise be restrained with
unfortunate results or directed into activity
of an antisocial nature. New, scientific appli-
cations have transformed an old method of
relieving tensions into a vital treatment
By JOHN EISELE DAVIS
a play may have indirect effects in the arousal
of wholesome interest in a dejected patient,
may lead to a renewal of confidence in talking
to and meeting people in a seclusive patient
and assist in the reestablishment of capacity
for social or even industrial usefulness in many
types of the physically and mentally sick. The
fact that such treatments are presented in
everyday, commonplace relationships and are
not presented in pretentious garb as are some
other medical procedures does not detract
from their value, in spite of the fact that il
may lessen their medical appreciation in some
quarters.
Today, occupational therapy has become a
highly respected arm of treatment in federal.
state and private hospitals. Where there are
large groups of patients suffering from either
physical or mental conditions or a combina-
tion of both as is frequently the case, one can
lo,
nd
By
th
ty
i-
of
{pril 1942
The modern objective ot occupational therapy is to employ the body im purposive and
carefully planned activities which will have a desirable effect on the mind and will
assist physical function. Projects must be suited to each patient’s characteristics.
find the occupational therapist quietly and
effectively assisting the doctor through her
specialty. They are to be found in general
hospitals, children’s hospitals and schools* for
crippled children, institutions for the blind,
deaf and feebleminded, tuberculosis sanitoria,
penal institutions, home service, community
and curative workshops. Some one has aptly
remarked that any place where one is in need
of “work relief” one should find a therapist
offering an attractive job. The implication in
this is, of course, the belief that work may
serve as a distinctive relief for many tensions
which serve to upset our lives. To be effec-
live, however, it must be employed sensibly
and medically, and the therapist is being
trained to do this.
Today there are seven schools accredited by
the American Medical Association teaching
occupational therapy.
What is occupational therapy? The Ameri-
can Occupational Therapy Association an-
swers as follows: “Occupational therapy is
any activity, mental or physical, prescribed
by a physician for its remedial value. It is
recognized by the medical profession as a valu-
able adjunct in contributing to and hastening
recovery. Physically, its function is to increase
muscle strength and joint motion as well as
to improve general bodily health. Mentally,
its function is to supply as nearly as possible
normal activity through avocational projects
and prevocational studies and training.”
The occupations prescribed are: creative
arts—including bookbinding, metalcrafts, pot-
tery, weaving and woodworking; recreation
including dramatics, gardening, music and
sports; educational subjects—including corre-
spondence, lecture courses, reading, study
groups and scouting. (Continued on page 296)
270) HYGFIA
Rheumatic Heart Disease
More deaths result from rheumatic heart disease
in persons under 20 years of age than from six
other major causes combined! Yet with prompt
and patient care, children suffering from rheumatic
heart disease can usually be returned to normal
By EDWARD L. BAUER
i»
PEAKING of rheumatic
disease in children, Pro-
fessor Boyd has said that
“it licks the joints and bites the
heart.” Except for a relatively
few children whose hearts have
some congenital malformation,
heart disease in the young is
practically always rheumatic in
origin. That this is a major
problem is demonstrated by the
fact that more deaths result
from rheumatic heart disease
in persons under 20 years of
age than from all of the follow-
ing diseases taken together:
tuberculosis, epidemic menin-
vilis, measles, diphtheria, scar-
let fever and infantile paraly-
sis. Those who survive are
subject to recurrences, and the damage to these growing hearts Parents who suspect a rheumatic
has not been given suflicient consideration from the standpoint of infection should keep the child
comfortable in bed until the doc-
increasing invalidism, shortened life span and economic disability.
tor has completed his diagnosis.
In view of the high incidence, the cost in dollars, the burden on
family and community and the warping of the right to health and
happiness, the problem is a serious one, though its actual extent
cannot be measured by accurate mathematics. It is definitely a
‘i
greater menace than any other crippling dis-
vase, but it has no empty sleeve or withered
leg to make its mute appeal. It is largely
preventable if the knowledge and will to pre-
vent it are available and utilized. The note of
» s optimism is to be found in the channels for the
in I OO dissemination of knowledge of the preventable
factors by organized medicine, health depart-
Recovering from rheumatic heart disease,
a child's activity need not be restrained
unless he shows signs of fatigue. Normal
activity may be resumed with supervision.
ments, medical schools, h spitals and welfare
agencies.
There is no specific preventive such as has
been found for diphtheria and smallpox. As
tuberculosis is being beaten to the ground by
hygiene and early recognition so can rheumatic infection be
defeated. Hygienic education must be more extensively
employed, and this is not too formidable a_ task.
Who are the susceptibles? This is the first question that
presents itself. Fortunately, not all children are susceptible,
but we have no means of determining those who might be
One exception may be noted—susceptibility is hereditary
Even in this instance some members of a family may be rela
tively immune, but these cannot be predetermined. It is wise.
therefore, for every family with a sufferer to be meticulously
careful, and each succeeding generation should be advised of
the possibility of such inheritance so that it in turn may
protect itself.
One of the popular conceptions concerning the incidence
of this disease is the idea that it does not occur before the
fifth year. This is not true, not even to the point where it
can be said that the disease is rare before the fifth year.
Care in diagnosis identifies many new
cases in the runabout years, and even
infants have been found to be victims.
If our present knowledge is applied to
sufferers, much can be done to alleviate
the serious aftermath of infection. This
is a tedious task, and since often no
immediate picture of ill
health is present, the ob-
jectives must be clearly
understood or such
management is neg-
lected or forgotten.
Ideally, prevention is
the shorter route to so-
lution of the problem.
For the present it will
not operate with ‘per-
fection, but efforts at
prevention will save
many from illness and
long convalescence,
Hvgiene and sanita-
tion must be considered
as controlling an impor-
(Continued on page 306
EALTH MUSEUM is a new word, which
accounts for a skeptic’s question, “Do
they put all the health that is left in the
city into museum showcases?” The Cleveland
Health Museum, one vear old last November 13,
has demonstrated that it is not a mausoleum.
It presents in popular vein the advances made
in medical and health sciences, thus promoting
personal health and community hygiene. It is
called a “museum” because it is a place where
people can look at things and look into. them-
selves to see how the wheels go round inside. It
is housed in an ivy-covered, stone mansion, a
part of Cleveland’s former Millionaire’s Row.
On Nov. 13, 1940, Cleveland Health Museum,
first permanent museum of its kind in the
country, was opened as a new idea in health
education for Americans, at a civic luncheon
sponsored by the Cleveland Chamber of Com-
merce. That event marked the transition of
a four year old dream into reality. In 1936,
thirty-five representatives from Cleveland
institutions had met at the invitation of the
Cleveland Academy of Medicine to discuss
possibilities of a permanent health education
display for Clevelanders. Even prior to this
there were months of informal discussions
among medical, dental and public health
groups that “jelled” in general agreement on
the advantages of a clearing house for popular
HYGEIA
By BRUNO GEBHARD
SEEING IS
presentation of medical facts and advances in
medical and health science. That year, Mrs.
Francis F. Prentiss, a patron of art and science
in Cleveland, donated her former home as a
site for the Museum.
Visitors, after having been counted by an
electric eye, enter the room, “Man, Wonder of
Life.” The tenor of all exhibits on human
biology is given by a century-old, and still true
quotation from the Confessions of St. Augus-
tine: “Man wonders over the restless sea, the
flowing water, the sight of the sky, and forgets
that of all wonders man himself is the most
wonderful.”
Displays in this room include the chemical
elements of the body, a life-size human x-ray,
a “hormone lady,” and the different amounts
of air consumed by man at rest and in various
forms of exercise. Sometimes visitors on this
floor may notice sounds coming from beneath,
where the Health Education Laboratories are
located. Here scientifically accurate exhibits
are built in several workshops. Into them
technicians breathe life in terms of motion
and sound.
A more regular, clock-like rhythm catches
the ear of the visitor in “Man’s Heart Room.”
The Museum “clock” has—not sixty seconds:
but seventy heartbeats to the minute. Looking
at the large scale heart which flashes a beam
ipril 1942
of light at every tick, a visitor remarked: “It
makes you think.”
No signs saying “Please do not touch” can
he found in the Museum. Grownups and chil-
dren alike want to play. Visitors themselves
may operate many of the displays. A typical
one shows the movements of body joints in
BELIEVING
A $45,000 hand is cast in plaster at the Cleveland
Health Museum—it’s the magic hand of Bob Feller,
the Cleveland Indians’ star pitcher. Below: Weekly
classes for expectant mothers are an increasingly
popular educational feature of the Museum schedule.
“Man’s Hand Room.” Visitors here are per
mitted to make their own fingerprint cards
The human skeleton on display avoids the
suggestion of grimness through its pose and
effective high-lighting; the skeleton’s right
hand—man’s marvelous tool—rests on a bril-
liant red pillow and is (Continued on page 310
One Hundred Years
HYGEIA
By LOGAN CLENDENING
N MARCH 30, 1842, the little village of
Jefferson, Ga., was sleeping quietly in
the early spring sunshine. I have no
exact information as to the weather that day
nor as to the state of activity of the populace,
but if quietness did not prevail, it was a depar-
ture from its habits before and ever since.
It was certainly quiet and peaceful when I
visited there in March a few years ago. And
certainly on that March day, a hundred years
ago, one of the citizens was sleeping. For
despite its surface calm one of the most
momentous events in the history of the human
race was happening in Jefferson—for the first
time ether was being deliberately administered
to produce anesthesia for a surgical operation.
The surgeon was Dr. Crawford Williamson
Long, 26 vears of age, a graduate of the Medical
Department of the University of Pennsylvania
in the class of 1839, who had been practicing in
Jefferson only six months. The patient was
Mr. James M. Venable, a young gentleman who
was a student at the Jefferson Academy, and
the operation was the removal of one of two
tumors on his neck. The operation was wit-
nessed among others by Mr. Venable’s fellow
students, E. L. Rawls, who afterward became
a physician, practicing at Rome, Ga., and
James E. Hayes.
The train of ideas and events which led up to
this “experiment” were repeated often, in fact
regularly in the various episodes which make
up the history of surgical anesthesia. As early
as 1800 the great English chemist, Humphrey
Davy, wrote of an experience he had with
nitrous oxide gas, “After a journey of one hun-
dred and twenty miles, in which I had no
sleep the preceding night, being much ex-
hausted, I respired seven quarts of nitrous
oxide gas for near three minutes. It produced
the usual pleasurable effects. In half an hour
I found myself neither more nor less exhausted
than before the experiment. I had a great pro-
pensity to sleep.” Later he wrote: “As nitrous
oxide, in its extensive operation seems capable
of destroying physical pain, it may probably be
used with advantage in surgical operations.’
Dr. Long was a pharmacist as well as a phy-
sician, and as was so often the case in those
days with practicing physicians, conducted a
drug store in connection with his office. He
was acquainted with the properties of sul-
furic ether and in his own words: “In thie
hMsht
if
»
on
\
th
th
th
et
(EIA
Bess Big Soe eee
Wh ata NAM
April 1942
month of December, 1841, or January, 1842,
the subject of the inhalation of nitrous oxide
Sas was introduced in a company of young men
assembled at night in the village of Jefferson,
Georgia, and the party requested me to prepare
them some. I informed them that I had not
the requisite apparatus for preparing or using
the gas, but that I had an article (sulphuric
ether) which would produce equally exhilarat-
of Anesthesia
The first surgical anesthetic was administered on
March 30, 1842, in the village of Jefferson, Ga
ing effects and was as safe. The company was
anxious to witness its effects; the ether was
produced and all present in turn inhaled.
They were so much pleased with its effects that
they afterward frequently used it and induced
others to use it, and the practice became quite
fashionable in the county. On numerous occa-
sions I inhaled ether for its exhilarating
properties and would frequently at some short
276
time subsequently, discover bruises or painful
spots on my person which I had no recollection
of causing and which I felt satisfied were
received while under the influence of ether.
“IT noticed my friends, while etherized,
receive falls or blows which I believed suffi-
cient to cause pain on a person not in a state
of anaesthesia, and on questioning them, they
uniformly assured me that they did not feel the
least pain from these accidents.”
In plain words, the young bucks of Jackson
County, Ga., had ether frolics instead of cock-
tail parties.
The story of noticing that during the exhila-
ration produced by drugs no pain would be
felt on receiving bruises is, as was said,
repeated in many of the early experiences of
the discoverers of anesthesia.
Dr. Long carried his observations into prac-
tical effect. He told a fellow pharmacist, R. H.
Goodman, “in November, 1841,” according to
Mr. Goodman’s subsequent affidavit, that “he
believed an operation could be performed
without the patient feeling pain, by giving
him ether to inhale.”
Dr. Long seems to have used a good deal
of ether along about this time. Under date
of Feb. 7, 1842, he wrote Mr. Goodman in a
letter which, fortunately for historical pur-
poses, Mr. Goodman preserved:
“Dear Bob: I am under the necessity of
troubling you a little. I am entirely out of
ether and I wish some tomorrow night if it is
possible to receive it by that time. We have
some girls in Jefferson who are anxious to
see it taken. . '
" Your friend,
C. W. Long.”
About Mr. Venable and his tumors we know
comparatively little. (The proper spelling of
the name is Venable, not Venables, as it fre-
quently appears, notably in Packard’s “History
of Medicine in the United States.”) He had
these two small tumors, the nature of which
is undisclosed, on the back of his neck, and he
wanted them off but had postponed the opera-
tion from the dread of the pain. When Dr.
Long suggested the possibility of operating
under the influence of ether and that it might
abolish the pain, he consented to undergo
the trial.
On March 30, 1842, then, he climbed the
flight of stairs to Dr. Long’s office and inhaled
ether from a towel. The operation is described
in Dr. Long’s own words: “I extirpated the
tumour. It was encysted and about one half
HYGEIA
an inch in diameter. The patient continued to
inhale ether during the time of the operation,
and seemed incredulous until the tumour
was shown to him. He gave no evidence of
pain during the operation, and assured me
after it was over that he did not experience
the least degree of pain from its performance.”
On June 6, 1842, the other tumor was re-
moved from Mr. Venable’s neck.
Dr. Long subsequently operated under ether
several times. In July 1842 he amputated a
toe on a Negro boy, and during 1843 he did
at least three operations, two for the removal
of tumors and one for the amputation of two
fingers.
After that there is no definite record of his
having used it. In 1851 he moved to Atlanta,
and a year later to Athens, Ga., where with
his brother, Dr. J. R. J. Long, and Dr. Hal C.
Billups he bought out the largest wholesale
and retail drug house in northeastern Georgia.
He continued to practice, but the demands of
his drug business evidently took up most of
his time. Most of his practice was medical and
obstetric, not surgical, and besides, after his
marriage he seems to have developed a deeply
religious attitude toward life and even doubted
whether it was God’s will to have pain relieved
artificially.
And of course in the meantime there arose
the great ether controversy. It is not neces-
sary to discuss the controversy here; my
intention in this article is only to observe the
centennial anniversary by publishing some
original material in my possession and _ to
make known some information that has not
been used except in some obscure pamphlets.
But in order to introduce one of my own items
I must mention the ether controversy briefly.
In 1844 Horace Wells, a dentist in Hartford,
had convinced himself that nitrous oxide gas
was a suitable agent for surgical anesthesia.
He knew by experience that it was a good den-
tal anesthetic. When, however, he was allowed
to demonstrate nitrous oxide publicly at the
Massachusetts General Hospital for a major
surgical operation, he failed. Associated with
him as a partner was Dr. W. T. G. Morton,
who had made the acquaintance of one Dr.
Charles T. Jackson, who introduced Morton to
the properties of sulfuric ether. Dr. Jackson
had sat in a chair and produced a state of
unconsciousness in himself by inhaling ether,
and the chair is still preserved on exhibi-
tion at Pilgrim’s Hall, Plymouth. Dr. Morton
used ether when he (Continued on page 280)
nd
his
ply
ted
ved
ose
"eS-
my
the
me
to
not
ets.
ms
fly.
rd,
Gas
sla.
en-
ved
the
jor
‘ith
on,
Dr.
to
son
of
er,
ibi-
ton
SO)
April 1942
our Doctor—and the Human Equation
-
If the bare, cold facts of medical science were all your
doctor knew, he would be a scientist only—not a
physician. To him people are not machines to be
repaired —but human beings to be helped.
Your doctor learned the significance of this during
his hospital internship. There, for the first time, he
came face to face with men and women who were
actually ill and suffering. There he learned that no
two patients are ever alike in their ways of thinking
and doing and saying things—in temperament, per-
sonality and emotional reactions. Day by day it was
impressed upon him that the physician must often
go beyond the purely physical aspects of a case to
seek those other factors which so often determine or
modify treatment. That is one of the reasons why he
listens to his patients so attentively, and observes
them so carefully.
It is his wide knowledge of medicine and his deep
understanding of people which make it so essential
that you discuss with your doctor all matters con-
cerning your own and your family’s health, and that
you heed his advice.
Copyright 1942, The Upjohn Company
978 HYGEIA
UESTION:
What are the usual danger
signs of early tuberculosis?
NSWER:
There aren’t any!
MANY PEOPLE BELIEVE that tuber-
culosis always gives definite warnings
when it begins—signs or symptoms by
which it may be recognized. Medical
science knows this is not true.
Early tuberculosis usually has no symp-
toms, gives mo danger signals. Such
symptoms as a cough that ‘‘hangs on,”’
persistent chest pains, and blood or
blood-streaked sputum are incorrectly
associated with the early stages of the
disease. They are really indications that
tuberculosis has been present a long time,
or has progressed rapidly.
The surest way to detect early tuber-
culosis 1s by X-ray oO! Huoroscopic ex-
amination of the chests of apparently
healthy people. If the disease is present,
the doctor, knowing the patient’s his-
tory and physical condition, sees the
telltale evidence. Early diagnosis is vital.
Tuberculosis can nearly always be treat-
ed successfully in its earliest stages. In
its advanced stages, it Is very difhcult to
cure.
Medical science has made remarkable
progress in controlling tuberculosis. The
disease has declined from first to sev-
enth place as a cause of death, and con-
tinues to decline. Medical leaders hope
that it can be virtually eliminated by
1960.
If this goal is to be realized, the search
for cases of early tuberculosis must be
intensified. There are thousands and
thousands of undiscovered cases in this
country. Unrecognized “carriers” of the
disease scatter tuberculosis germs wher-
ever they go—among their families, their
friends, their fellow workers. Tuberculo-
S15 always comes from tuberculosis... it
passes from the sick to the healthy.
That’s why you must be on the watch
constantly. Be especially watchful of
boys and girls in their late teens, and
young adults. Be doubly watchful of
people in families with known cases—of
anyone who has been in contact with an
active case of tuberculosis. The best pro-
tection is an annual health examination,
including X-ray examination of the
chest. Most city health departments
have X-ray facilities for those who can-
not afford private care.
Metropolitan’s free booklet, 42-Z,
“Tuberculosis,” contains up-to-date in-
formation about protecting your family
and community from this disease.
OPYRIGHT 194; METROF ITAN LIFE INSURANCE CO.
Metropolitan Life
Insurance Company
(A MUTUAL COMPANY)
Frederick H. Ecker, oy
CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD
Le roy A. Linc oln,
PRESIDENT
1 MADISON AVENUE, NEW York, N. Y.
“They Shall Not Die
in Vain”
(Continued from page 253)
that most people fear autopsies be-
cause they know nothing about
them, and that efforts to obtain
consent by emphasizing what the
autopsy is for and winking at any
discussion of the procedure itself
are likely to be less successful than
emphasis on what it’s like—a true
description of what’s done. Inevi-
tably, this discussion led to my
attendance at an autopsy—my first.
I should say without hesitation that
the autopsy is more extensive than
most people think it is. I am
equally certain, however, that few
people would consider it gruesome,
or disrespectful to the dead, or
mutilating, or fearful. I didn’t, and
I was without benefit of any knowl-
edge or training to cushion my
sensibilities.
The autopsy was just getting
under way when I entered the hos-
pital’s “morgue” with the medical
director. I was impressed immedi-
ately with the similarity of the
whole scene to that of an operating
room during surgery; the group in
white beneath the bright lights over
a central table; the students peer-
ing down intently from a viewing
stand at one side; the nurse presid-
ing over a tray from which she
passed up gleaming instruments as
the pathologist reached for them;
the general atmosphere of hushed,
intense interest.
Members of the central group
were identified for me by the medi-
cal director as we took our places
in the viewing stand. The chief
performer was the pathologist; the
resident pathologist and one or two
assistants in the department were
near by to lend a helping hand as
needed; several members of_ the
attending staff who'd been inter-
ested in the patient were privileged
observers about the table; others,
along with every intern who could
be spared from active duty in the
hospital at the time, were in the
tiers of hard wooden seats. Immedi-
ately below us was a nurse alt 4
small desk, taking notes as_ the
pathologist dictated every detail of
his findings. Looking around the
room as the autopsy proceeded, |
saw not even a glance stray aside
(Continued on page 282)
CO
fo!
be
ca
the
by
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April 1942
FOODS
AND NUTRITION
Our Nutritional Status
\N A RECENT ADDRESS, Presi-
dent John Stewart Bryan of the
College of William and Mary made
the following statement: “You know
ihat today we are the richest, freest,
best educated, and I verily believe,
the happiest and healthiest people
in the world. The measure of our
prosperity is illustrated in the fact
that, while we have about 6 per cent
of the world’s population, we have
32 per cent of the world’s railway
mileage, 44 per cent of the world’s
radios, 76 per cent of the world’s
automobiles, and 50 per cent of the
world’s wealth.”
We are the healthiest people in
the world; all medical statistics
with which I am familiar confirm
the statement. The state of our
prosperity furnishes at least one
reason Why we are the healthiest
people in the world. It is not the
only reason. Wealth often lulls peo-
ple into a sense of security and
idleness and stops productive effort.
Fortunately, it has not done this for
the medical profession of America.
The strides made by American
iedicine in the last fifty vears have
been enormous. The advances in
American medicine are reflected in
the state of our public health. The
advances have not been localized in
a few leading medical centers but
have been widespread over the
country. One of the main reasons
for the widespread advances has
been the part played by the Ameri-
can Medical Association in elevating
the standard of medical education
by causing the elimination of all
Class B and C medical schools.
Another factor has been the devel-
opment of our modern public health
Programs, which were started just
about forty years ago.
Nevertheless, constantly we hear
alarming statements with regard to
By AMOS R. KOONTZ
the state of our national health and
also as to our nutritional status. |
do not believe the facts justify some
of the statements. Thus it has been
said that 40 per cent of our people
are on diets deficient in milk, milk
products, fruits, fresh vegetables
and meats. If true, it seems to be
due to choice rather than necessity.
The percentage of people who actu-
ally go hungry in this country is
small. Proper diet, however, does
not necessarily have any relation to
the economic status of the person.
Many people never drink milk sim-
ply because they do not like it.
There are many vegetarians who
never taste meat.
What has Selective Service shown
us about the state of our nutrition?
Early reports from the Surgeon Gen-
eral’s office tended to show that the
average stature of men _ inducted
into the Army during the present
emergency was greater than it was
in 1917. Later reports indicate that
the height of all registrants so far
examined is about the same as in
1917—average 5 feet 7% inches
both now and then. The average
height of federal recruits examined
during the Civil War was approxi-
mately the same. However, while
the average height of the recruit
examined has not increased during
the seventy-five years since the end
of the Civil War, the average weight
has increased; it was 136 pounds
during the Civil War, 142 pounds
during the World War, and is 150
pounds during the present emer-
gency. The 8 pound increase in
the average weight of today’s Ameri-
can man of military age over the
weight at the time of the first World
War would seem to indicate that our
nutritional state has improved, even
if it is not entirely what it should
be. Any deficiency we may have
in nutrition is due to a lack of
properly balanced diets rather than
a lack of the proper quantity of
food.
The height and
quoted refer to all registrants exam
ined.
fied by Local Boards as available
for general military
slightly larger men, the
height being 68.1 inches and _ the
average weight 152 pounds. But
what of the state of nutrition of
those who been
Underweight is not
major cause of rejection in National
Selective Service Headquarters re
jection figures. Indeed, it is not
mentioned at all. If ineluded it
must be included under the heading
“Miscellaneous.” I do not know the
exact percentage of rejections be
cause of underweight for the nation
as a whole.
In Maryland, the total number of
rejections at the Army Examination
Stations underweight
alone has amounted to only 0.09 per
cent of the total number examined
There have been other rejections bys
under-
weight, but only if the weight was
below the minimum of 105 pounds
set by Army Regulations. No men
weighing 105 pounds or more have
been rejected by Local Boards be-
cause of underweight alone. Any
such cases have been sent to the
Army Examination Stations for final
determination. The number re-
jected by the Local Boards because
of weight below 105 pounds has
been relatively small. The exact
figures for these cases are not avail-
able. It is safe to say, however,
that the total number of rejections
in Maryland, both by Local Boards
and Army Examination Stations,
because of underweight alone is
weight figures
The figures for those classi
service show
average
have rejected?
listed as a
because of
Local Boards because of
280
—Mix one or more table-
spoons of Brer Rabbit Mo-
lasses with a glass of milk.
yy
A
Ya
2. MOLASSES GINGERBREAD... . a delight-
ful treat! The only way to get a rich molasses
flavor is to bake with real molasses.
“aa,
@ RICH in the flavor children love . ; <
and rich in iron, too—Brer Rabbit
Molasses is truly a mother’s helper.
Scientific tests show Brer Rabbit
New Orleans Molasses is second only
to beef liver as a rich food source of
available iron. Three tablespoons will
supply about one-third of a child’s
minimum daily iron requirements.
Brer Rabbit New Orleans Molasses
comes in two flavors—Green
Label, a dark, full-flavored
molasses; Gold Label, a light,
~», mild-flavored
Cook Book with over 100 ways
to use molasses. Also pamphlet
on children’s iron needs.
FREE
1
1
I
!
!
1 PENICK & FORD, LTD., INC., New Orleans, La.,
1 Dept. HF-042
| Please send me free copies of Brer Rabbit's
| “Modern Recipes for Modern Living” and “Some-
: thing Every Mother Should Know.”
i
|
1
!
1
I
Name
(Print name and address)
Street
well under 1 per cent of the total
examined.
Conclusion: Selective Service
examinations have revealed no evi-
dence of a loss of ground as far as
HYGEIA
nutrition is concerned, while there
is definite evidence for believing
that the present day American sol-
dier is better nourished than that
of World War I or of the Civil War,
One Hundred Years of Anesthesia
(Continued from page 276)
extracted a tooth in 1846; he re-
quested permission to try the use
of ether for a surgical anesthesia
at the Massachusetts General Hos-
pital, and on Oct. 16, 1846, he suc-
cessfully did so, Dr. John Collins
Warren operating. This and a
series of other cases were immedi-
ately published and surgical anes-
thesia was made known to the
world. Dr. Morton then desired to
patent the discovery under the
name of “Letheon.” His claims to
originality Dr. Jackson most vigor-
ously opposed. Horace Wells in the
meantime had died, so never be-
came a party to the quarrel.
Dr. Morton’s and Dr. Jackson’s
claims were debated at infinite
length in Congress, and Morton ac-
tually was granted a patent, when
Dr. Jackson suddenly and unex-
pectedly ran across the trail of Dr.
Crawford Williamson Long. Jack-
son had never heard of Long until
1853, when Long read his first
paper claiming priority in adminis-
tering ether deliberately for surgical
anesthesia before the Georgia Medi-
cal and Surgical Association. Dr.
Long had previously printed a
brief account in the Southern Medi-
cal and Surgical Journal, but this
had escaped Dr. Jackson’s notice.
On March 8, 1854, Jackson went to
Athens and interviewed Long, who
furnished proof of his claim, and
Jackson triumphantly produced
this, so that Morton’s pretensions
were routed and the debates in
Congress went on to other and more
fruitful fields. But naturally the
whole affair caused bad blood be-
tween Dr. Morton and Jackson and
the heirs of Horace Wells, eventu-
ally between Dr. Long and Morton’s
adherents, and indeed between
friends and champions in a wide
circle, even involving Daniel Web-
ster.
The controversy still smolders.
When I made a pilgrimage to Jeffer-
son in 1938, a proposal was before
Congress to honor Dr. Long by the
issue of a postage stamp. This had
once more stirred that vocative
organization to debate. A citizen of
Jefferson who was most learned
concerning C. W. Long and most
helpful to me gave me some inkling
of the matter.
“Do you realize, suh,” he said,
“that theah was a Yankee dentist
who claimed to be the fust puhson
to administah ethah?”
I allowed some such rumor had
reached me, and then the peaceful
calm of Jefferson was rent with a
series of vituperations such as was
a liberal education. On the pleasant
hillsides of the country through
which I had just passed could be
seen the ruins of farm houses that
were ascribed to the military opera-
tions of a certain General Sherman,
and these furnished some explana-
tion of the heat displayed.
When the stamp was _ finally
issued in 1940, it drew forth the
denunciations of Dr. Howard R.
Raper, D.D.S., who champions the
claims of dentistry in the persons
of Horace Wells and W. T. G. Mor-
ton as the originators of anesthesia
in a pamphlet called “Unearned
Honor on a Postage Stamp” (Oral
Hygiene, February 1940). Dr. W.
Harry Archer, Assistant Professor
of Anesthesia and Exodontia, School
of Dentistry, University of Pitts-
burgh, stated at the Dental Cen-
tenary Celebration, March 1940,
that: “So far as making any con-
tribution toward anaesthesia is con-
cerned, Long may as well never
have lived.” No one now doubts
Dr. Long’s claims to priority, bul
due to the delay in the publication
of his announcement, the contro-
versy has now shifted as to who is
most responsible for furthering the
use of anesthesia in surgical prac
tice.
Impartial historians must recog
nize that as in the case of man)
scientific discoveries, such as evo
(Continued on page 285)
GEIA
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and Your Nutrition
Before and After
the Baby Comes
281
EDICAL science knows how greatly the nutritional needs are increased during the last four
months of pregnancy and during the nursing period. Hence the diet recommended by the
physician, before and after the baby comes, is of importance to the expectant or nursing mother.
In its recently published recommendations, the National Research Council has set down the
amounts of each essential nutrient needed by the moderately active woman, during the latter half
of pregnancy, and during the nursing period. Generally speaking, your physician’s advice as to
diet is based upon these official figures.
= a i Pe Sm am 3 £ = om Om
é Eg Eg : £5 = 3 Sy : £5
¢ | 2] 38] 2 | te | FF) G2] gf | G8] bs
| 2 | 9 = = 83 =~ s~ =~
s} & a} a > = << = Zz >
Moderately
Active Woman..} 2500 60 0.8 12.0 5000 L5 70 2.2 15 ?
Pregnancy 400 to
(latter half)....} 2500 85 1.5 15.0 6000 1.8 100 2.5 18 800
400 to
Leetntion.. .<.20 3000 100 2.0 15.0 8000 2.3 150 3.0 23 800
Wisely planned, well balanced meals will
provide ample amounts of these essential nu-
trients for you. In such meals meat can have
an important place. It provides complete, high
quality proteins needed not only by the mother
herself, but also for the normal development
of the unborn child and later for the proteins
U
ge ,
AMERICAN
MEDICAL
ASS
contained in the mother’s milk.
It contributes significant amounts of important
B vitamins—thiamine (vitamin B,), riboflavin
(G or Bz), and niacin. The iron, copper, and
phosphorus supplied by meat aid in providing
the greater amounts of these minerals needed
by the expectant or nursing mother.
The Seal of Acceptance denotes that the statements made in this advertisement are
acceptable to the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the American Medical Association.
American Meat Institute
CHICAGO
“They Shall Not Die in Vain”
(Continued from page 278)
from the foeal point of attention,
nor did I note any lessening of the
charge of interest in the air. The
calm flow of the pathologist's mono-
logue was interrupted only occa-
sionally as a staff member added
some observation for the benefit of
the interns.
Three incisions had been made
on the body when we came in, the
principal one running lengthwise
from high on the chest to low on
the abdomen. Transverse incisions
on the lower chest and upper ab-
domen permitted the flesh to be
folded back to give access to all
the important organs. As this pre-
liminary work was carried on, the
pathologist was dictating a descrip-
tion of the body’s external appear-
ance. This completed, he started
systematically to remove and ex-
amine the major parts, starting
with the intestines and reproduc-
live organs and moving on to study
the bladder, gall bladder, liver,
spleen, stomach, heart, lungs, thy-
roid gland and several others. Each
such examination was a_ pains-
taking routine of weighing, measur-
ing, and scrutinizing the removed
part; the measurements went into
the reeord, as did a detailed de-
scription of the appearance, with
particular attention to what I took
to be evidence of disease or varia-
tions from the normal. During these
descriptions, the pathologist fre-
quently paused at some length to
find a suitable word for a certain
color or consistency. While most
of his language was technical, |
was interested in the occasional
occurrence of homely phrases like
“cherry red” and “jelly-like sub-
stances.”
Several times during the exami-
nation, staff members would step
up for closer inspection, and once
or twice an intern moved down
from the stand to get a better look.
Such maneuvers were accomplished
without fuss or conversation; it was
implicit in every action that this
was an opportunity not to be taken
lightly. Before each removed part
44220eS peaking of Teeth...
OUR FOOD AND OUR TEETH, by Percy R. Howe.
1 pages 5 cents
THE CARE OF THE TEETH, by William M. Gardner. A study showing why the toothbrush has
failed Improper methods of brushing the teeth,
toothbrushes and dentifrices.
WHAT THE MOUTH CAN TELL, by Lester R. Cahn.
Illustrated. 30 pages.
the impcrtance of applying pressure and proper
15 cents.
1 pages. 5 cents.
DENTAL NOSTRUMS AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH, by Samuel M. Gordon and Eleanore B.
Dufour. Three articles on the promotion of dental nostrums and dentifrices. 32 pages. 10 cents.
‘es @ @*@ AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois
_(_ DONT WORRY ABOUT MAKING
a) ~@- MILK EASY TO DIGEST
Here's the quick
easy way
When the rennet enzyme is added
to milk it performs the first step in
digestion, causing it to form sojiter, 4
That’s
why rennetized milk is so much more
finer curds in the stomach.
readily digestible.
Just add % “Junket” Rennet Tablet
to a glass of milk. Stir until dis-
let stand 10 to 20 minutes
Vest-pocket
solved
then drink.
gists and grocers. Get some today!
tubes of
12 “Junket” Rennet Tablets at drug-
same FREE TRIAL OFFER -——~—,
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Please send me FREE SAMPLE packet of
“Junket”’ Rennet Tablets and your illustrated
recipe book of rennet-custard desserts,
MOM cccvveccecceceswovcestsscecosecees
Address
HYGEIA
was restored to the body, a small
section was removed and set aside
for microscopic examination. Re-
ports of this study, I learned, would
be added to the record as a final
check on the “anatomic diagnosis”
with which the pathologist con-
cluded his dictation. Some idea of
the thoroughness of the examina-
tion may be gained from the facet
that the incisions were sewed up
and the students dismissed just
ninety minutes after we had entered
the room.
I looked at the body carefully on
my way out. Was it mutilated?
Certainly, if one considers a scar
to be mutilation, it was. So also,
then, is the living body mutilated
by any operation which leaves a
scar. Obviously more extensive
than the marks which remain after
most operations, the autopsy scars
were no more disfiguring. Clothed,
the body would give no evidence of
its altered appearance except the
inescapable evidence of death itself.
I probed my reactions further as |
left the hospital. Was there any-
thing gruesome about it? I had not,
to be sure, found it pleasant to
watch the pathologist examine the
intestine, spreading it much as one
does a roll of movie film, for care-
ful inspection. Since no thought of
unpleasantness had been reflected
in the faces of other observers, how-
ever, I could conclude only that
my feeling developed from the fact
that I had never before seen the
human intestine so exposed.
Essentially, there can be nothing
objectionable in the fact that the
pathologist raises the intestine, or
the liver, or the stomach in his
hands, any more than there can be
objection to the fact that the sur-
geon may lift the foot to examine
a sprain or fracture. The two ac-
lions may be separated only by
degree of familiarity; if one is grue-
some, so is the other. That any
one who would approve the re-
moval of, say, the gallbladder in an
operation to prevent death or suffer-
ing should find anything gruesome
in the removal of the gallbladder
for examination after death seems
also to be absurd in the extreme.
The literature on autopsies in-
cludes a report of a study of the
Bible conducted by an_ Eastern
medical school. An_ exhaustive
search, the report said, revealed no
doctrine which could be interpreted
as opposing autopsy. In fact, an-
oll
off
an
to]
ha
the
ale
jec
be
be
au
fei
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just
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ive
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of
the
elf.
April 1942
other report included statements by
oflicials of the Catholic, Protestant
and Jewish faiths approving au-
lopsies on the grounds that they
have no religious significance in
themselves and may help to allevi-
ate human suffering. Religious ob-
jection to autopsy, obviously, must
be limited to those with a simple
belief in the physical existence of
a Happy Hunting Ground.
Ultimately, all objections to the
aulopsy boil down to fear, and this
fear boils down to ignorance of the
nature and extent of the procedure
itself. When it is known that the
autopsy will include a minute
examination of the principal organs
and parts, and that the body will
be altered in appearance by scars
reaching from here to here and from
there to there, the grip of fear must
necessarily be relaxed. Distaste, of
course, may always remain, but dis-
taste is not so hard to deal with as
fear. Where distaste prevails, phy-
sicians and hospital authorities
could do worse, as a last resort,
than quote a philosophy familiar to
all of us. “It is rather that we here
highly resolve,” they might say,
“that these dead shall not have died
in vain...” When all else fails,
it is possible that some families
might be moved by the words
which inspired the families of the
Union soldiers who died on _ the
battlefield at Gettysburg.
SULFANILAMIDE DERIVATIVES FOR
INTESTINAL INFECTIONS
Two new members of the sulf-
anilamide family of drugs, succinyl-
sulfanilamide and succinylsulfathia-
zole, particularly the latter, have
been effective in preliminary studies
with man in the presence of exten-
sive ulcerative lesions of the bowel,
Edgar J. Poth, F. Louis Knotts,
James T. Lee and Frank Inui, Balti-
more, report in the Archives of Sur-
gery.
“The administration of suc-
cinylsulfathiazole,” they say, “is
suggested for the preoperative prep-
aration of patients requiring opera-
live procedures on the gastrointes-
linal tract and for the treatment
of acute intestinal infections, such
as typhoid fever and dysentery.
The action of this drug is limited
essentially to its local effect on the
contents of the gastrointestinal
tract.”
283
vad that the itwoule
“Dont Yoyo Coffee BN at " No inde’ | hard Slee
poctors “Wg to follow! ave BEET NSaid “DY
is pre if he NAC™ ven
POSTUM OFTEN HELPS remove that “what’ll-I-do” feeling
you may get when the Doctor says, “No more coffee.”
For Postum’s warmth and cheer and flavor make friends
so quickly that forbidden drinks are soon forgotten. Yet
Postum contains no caffein ...no stimulants of any kind.
It is simply whole wheat and bran, roasted and slightly
sweetened. It’s easy to make—and very economical. A prod-
uct of General Foods.
ASK YOUR
DOCTOR
ABOUT POSTUM
P.S. Listen to The Aldrich Family Thursday Nights—NBC Network
FOODS
AND NUTRITION
HYGEIA
To make Fluted Egg Salad: Hard boil 6 eggs; flute by cut-
ting with end of paring knife in saw-tooth fashion around
egg, cutting through to yolk. Remove and mash egg yolks;
combine with 3 tablespoons sandwich spread, 1 teaspoon mus-
tard, 3 teaspoon salt. Refill fluted whites with yolk
mixture; place in nest of lettuce, three halves to each
serving.
EASTER RECIPES
ASTER MORNING is the best
time in the world for a break-
fast party. Plan a_help-yourself
type of menu, then enjoy the sun-
rise service and bring your guests
home afterward. Breakfast should
include fruit juices in glasses on a
tray, eggs, slices of ham or pan-
broiled bacon and sausages, plenty
of hot coffee, and last but not least,
an assortment of hot breads—your
own homemade Hot Cross Buns,
fresh from the oven.
SPICY HOT CROSS BUNS
(15 or More)
1 package fast gran- 4 cup (4 tablespoons)
ular yeast melted shortening
2 cup lukewarm water 34 teaspoon cinnamon
V2 teaspoon sugar V4 teaspoon ground
¥2 cup scalded milk nutmeg
1 teaspoon salt Vg teaspoon ground
Y4 cup sugar allspice
About 3 cups sifted Grated rind of 4
flour lemon
2egg yolks, well ¥2 cup small seedless
beaten raisins
Pour the granular yeast into the 4% cup
IZ
lukewarm water, add the “% teaspoon
sugar, stir and let stand 5 minutes to
soften. Put the scalded milk, salt and
remaining sugar into mixing bowl. Let
cool. When milk is lukewarm, add soft-
ened yeast and 1% cups of the flour. Mix
and beat until smooth. Next add the
beaten egg yolks, the melted (not hot)
shortening, the cinnamon, nutmeg, all-
spice and grated lemon rind. Mix well,
then add most of the remaining flour,
mixing very thoroughly. Knead until
smooth and elastic, using more flour it
necessary, but keep the dough as soft as
can be handled without stickiness. Lastly
work in the raisins, dusted lightly with
flour. Put dough into greased bowl, cover
and let rise in a moderately warm place
(82 to 84° F.) until fully doubled. Turn
dough onto the floured board and divide
into 15 (or more) even pieces. Shape
into smooth balls. Place, almost touch-
ing each other, in greased biscuit pan.
Cover well and let rise in warm place
until doubled. Bake about 20 minutes in
a moderately-hot oven (380 to 400° F.).
Prepare a simple white frosting with 1
cup confectioner’s sugar, 1 to 2 table-
Sprinkle with paprika; garnish with watercress.
spoons top milk, and % teaspoon vanilla.
Mix very thoroughly, and with it mark
a cross on top of each bun while still
warm but not too hot.
EASTER BUNNY ROLLS
(12 Rolls)
1 package fast gran- 3 tablespoons sugar
ular yeast 1 egg, well beaten
Y2 cup lukewarm wa- 3 tablespoons melted
ter shortening
V2 teaspoon sugar 24% to 3 cups sifted
¥. cup scalded milk flour
1 teaspoon salt 2 dozen seedless rai-
sins
Pour the granular veast into the
cup lukewarm water, add the halfteaspoon
sugar, stir and let stand to soften. Put
the scalded milk, the salt and remaining
sugar into mixing bowl. Let cool. When
the milk is /ukewarm add the softened
yeast and 1% cups of the flour. Beat
smooth. Stir in the beaten egg, the melted
(not hot) shortening, and beat again.
Then stir in enough more flour to make
a medium soft dough that clings together
in a ball. Beat until smooth. Let ris
in a covered, greased bowl, in a moder-
(Continued on page 286)
dis]
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olks;
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ai-
Ap! il 1942
One Hundred Years
of Anesthesia
(Continued from page 280)
lution ana electricity, the idea was
in the air, had been since the begin-
ning of the nineteenth century, and
many persons, including Humphrey
Davy and John Collins Warren and
the Russian surgeon, Pirogoff, all
deserve an orchid, as Mr. Winchell
says, in the credit.
Dr. Long, it should be remarked,
displayed great reserve in the ex-
change of claims. He confined him-
self largely to procuring docu-
mentary evidence from persons who
knew of his work and his early
operations. Among these documents
was a fee bill he rendered to Mr.
Venable:
To James Venable
March 30, 1842—Ether and excis-
ee ee ee $2.00
May 13, 1842—Sulphuric ether... -25
June 6, 1842—Excising tumour... 2.00
| have in my possession a holo-
graph letter of Dr. Long’s, undated
(its authenticity is attested by Dr.
Long’s daughter and_ biographer,
Mrs. Taylor). It contains a unique
reference to Dr. Long’s own sus-
picions of how the honor was
wrested from him as follows:
“The evidence to establish the
operation performed after 1842 was
obtained to show that they con-
tinued (up to ten?). Dr. Wells
claimed to have used ether as an
anaesthetic. Permit me to say that
a dentist and a surgeon from Bos-
ton, Massachusetts were in Jeffer-
son, Jackson County, in 1842, 3, or
4 and remained for several weeks.
The dentist practiced his profession
and the surgeon operated for stra-
bismus—I have always thought it
possible the dentist was Morton or
Wells and that a knowledge of the
use of ether in surgical operations
was obtained at that time.”
This suspicion of Dr. Long’s is
entirely unwarranted by the facts.
There is no evidence that either
Dr. Wells or Dr. Morton was in
Jefferson from 1842 to 1844, and
their time is quite thoroughly ac-
counted for during that period. But
it gives an indication of how heated
Now It’s Niacin
sas ig the euphoniow
«Niacin nosen
esearc: e im—
for nicotinic acid
0 al Secur-
ae er
ved by Footy. Me-
From “News
of Food” in
New York
Times
The American Institute of Baking has long been
campaigning for just such a change in the name
of this important added nutrient, one of the vita-
mins present in Enriched Bread. Now, under
the new name of NIACIN, the buyers of bread
will have added assurance that Enriched Bread is
an important part of the daily family diet. The
above newspaper clipping is an example of the
widespread publicity given to this change of
name. But it is earnestly suggested that all of
you to whom parents and others look for infor-
mation about nutrition, advise them of this new
name for the essential vitamin formerly
Nicotinic Acid... now... NIACIN.
American Institute of Baking
DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION
10 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA ey NEW YORK, N. Y.
SEND NO MONEY! THIS IS FREE
Please send me your new free SE Ee SSCS Se 0 eR re ee
booklet entitled, “Enriched
Bread—What Leading Authori-
ties Say About It. City sacar a ‘ on ner ae
H4
286
OF NATURAL
FRUIT FLAVOR IN
PURE CITRUS JUICES
Grapefruit; Orange; Blended
Orange and Grapefruit pro-
vide Vitamins A and B with
an abundance of
= VITAMIN C
plus DEXTROSE
S Food-Energy Sugar
DR. P. PHILLIPS CANNING CO., ORLANDO, FLA.
-- WEALTH ——
DURKEE’S DOUBLE FLAVOR
VEGETABLE MARGARINE
® Made by a new process
that whips the goodness
of the pure, pasteurized
fat-free milk and whole-
some vegetable oils right
into the product.
DURKEE FAMOUS FOODS. Chicago. t1.. Norwalk, 0.
cern ARMM EB BRM
FOR COOKING
BAKING, FRYING
SPREAD FOR BREAD
WHITE, STAP
== America s
UE ET Te eT
THIS TOMATO JUICE IS
NEVER THIN OR WATERY
Always drink Kemp's
Sun-Rayed—the pure
undiluted juice of
WHOLE tomatoes. De-
licious. The Sun-Rayed
Co., Frankfort, Indiana,
I Aatarally Swveef
Ars) NO SUGAR ADDED
*CHURCHS
GRAPE JUICE
ch Grape Juice Co, Kennewick, Wash
s€ Quality
Purity
Strength
DIAL
BAKING SODA
Accepted —
A.M.A. Council on Foods
?
6 Read
“OBESITY”
48 pages & 15 cents
Campaign Against Corpulence.
Food After Forty.
Waist-Lines and Life-Lines.
Some Obesity
“Treatments.”’
AMERICAN MED. ASSN. 535 N. Dearborn, Chicago
“Cures” and
became when as
mild a man as Dr. Long could give
credence to such duplicity.
Dr. Long personally was the high-
est type of American physician, and
the controversy
his career illustrative of the fact
that from very early times, even in
pioneer days, the American phy-
sician had high educational and
ethical standards for his profession.
He was born in Danielsville, Ga.,
Noy. 1, 1815. He was named after
his father’s friend, William H.
Crawford, once candidate for Presi-
dent of the United States and after-
ward Minister to France. His pre-
liminary education was obtained
Franklin College, now the Uni-
versity of Georgia. From 1835 for
a year or more he “read medicine”
in the office of Dr. Grant of Jeffer-
son. This form of apprenticeship
was quite common then, and indeed
the preceptor-apprentice relation-
ship might well be revived in medi-
cine today.
Later he went to Lexington, Ky.,
and attended the sessions of the
Medical Department of Transyl-
vania University. This was_ the
fifth medical school to be founded
in the United States. It is a credit
and tribute to the spirit of the pio-
neers that when they established
their homes in the great Western
wilderness, they brought — their
civilization with them. Transyl-
vania University still flourishes, but
the medical department passed oul
of existence in 1859. There are
some mementos of it still. In an
old, unused portion of one of the
buildings on the campus of Lexing-
ton is one of the finest historical
medical libraries in the country. It
was brought there by the eccentric
Charles Caldwell, one of the faculty
members who happened to be visit-
ing in Paris just after the Revolu-
tion, when the libraries of the
impoverished once-great came on
the market. This library was among
them, and Caldwell wrote back to
Kentucky to obtain funds and au-
thorization for its purchase, which
were forthcoming, and the library
was duly housed at Lexington.
Doubtless Dr. Long, while a student,
became familiar with these medical
classics of the great masters from
Hippocrates to Cullen.
In 1837 Long entered the medical
department of the University of
Pennsylvania and graduated with
the degree of M.D. in 1839. In
Philadelphia he came under the
influence of some of the greatest
HYGEIA
medical teachers of the day—Hpor.
ner, the anatomist, Nathaniel Chap.-
man and Samuel Jackson, why
wrote respectively the first Ameri.
can textbooks on therapeutics anq
the practice of medicine, Williay
Gibson, the surgeon, and William W.
Gerhard, notable for his differentia.
tion of typhus and typhoid fevers
and his introduction of the stetho.
(Continued on page 301)
Easter Recipes
(Continued from page 284)
ately warm place (82 to 84°F.) until
doubled in bulk. Turn the risen doug!
onto floured board and pat out as mucl
Divide the dough int
12 even portions. Roll each piece into a
strand 14 inches long. Tie in a knot and
place on a greased baking sheet. Bring
the ends up straight to form “ears,”
Seald the raisins in hot water and dry
on a cloth. Press two raisins in each
bunny face, for eyes. Brush with beate:
egg yolk or with evaporated milk, diluted
with a little water. Cover and let rise
until light (34 to 1 hour). Bake about
20 minutes in a moderately hot oven
375° F.
gas as possible.
EASTER EGG PARTY CAKE
(3 Layers)
1 package fast gran- 1 cup milk, scalded
ular yeast and cooled
3 tablespoons luke- 212 cups sifted cake
warm water flour
lg teaspoon sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla
cup vegetable Grated rind of '
shortening lemon
2 teaspoon salt 4 beaten egg whites
114 cups sugar
nN
=)
Put the granular yeast, the 3 table:
spoons water and % teaspoon sugar int
a cup, stir and let stand to soften. Adi
the salt to the shortening and cream unt!
fluffy, adding 2 or 3 tablespoons of the
milk to aid it. Then add the sugat
gradually, blending in each portion thor-
oughly before adding more. Next sti!
in portions of the flour and Jukewarn
milk alternately, until all are used. Ad
the vanilla, grated lemon rind and th
softened yeast, blending them in_ thor-
oughly. Lastly, fold in very carefully th
egg whites beaten until stiff but not dry
Pour batter immediately into three 8-inc!
layer cake tins, well greased and_ lined
with wax paper. Let stand in a moder
ately warm place for 3 hours. Bak
about 25 minutes in a moderately hot
oven, 350° F. When layers have coole(
sufficiently, put them together with reé
raspberry jam. Frost the top and side:
with boiled frosting, tinted a _ delicatt
pink. Decorate with tiny candy chicks
eggs, bunnies, etc.
YGEIA
—Hor.
Chap.
» Who
Ameri-
CS and
Villian
iam W,
rentia-
fevers
Stetho-
.) until
doug!
S mucl
gh int
‘ into a
not and
Bring
“ears,”
nd dry
in each
beater
diluted
let rise
about
oven
scalded
led
ed cake
‘anilla
id of 1,
) whites
table-
ar int
Ad
n until
of the
sugar
1 thor-
xt stir
ewarn
Add
nd the
thor-
lly the
yt dry
8-inc
lined
noder-
sake
y hot
cooled
h red
sides
elicate
‘hicks
{pril 1942
How Does the Navy Get That Way?
(Continued from page 260)
way, for this human material is
much too precious to be wasted. A
surprising amount of time, trouble
and treasure is devoted to guarding
the Navy’s health. On board ship,
the doctor regards the care of the
sick as his principal job, but he is
also the public health officer and
has the responsibility of detecting
and correcting insanitary§ condi-
tions. The bakery, the barber shop,
the laundry, baths and toilets, the
galley where the food is prepared,
the clothing of the men, the cleanli-
ness of bunks and living quarters
are his constant concern. His
recommendations to the captain on
matters of hygiene are followed by
prompt and effective action, for
everybody in authority understands
that a healthy crew is vital to suc-
cess in combat.
On a warship the air is carefully
controlled in its temperature and
humidity. Its amount and rate of
flow are so regulated as to be health-
ful. Water for drinking and bath-
ing receives equal attention. House-
wives have commented in envious
words on the cleanliness of ships
of the Navy. The clothing of the
men has been carefully studied in
its relation to their health. Even
their amusements and_ recreation
are considered as activities which
may have an important bearing on
their well being. All of these are
a part of the navy doctor’s cosmos.
A warship is essentially a movable
gun platform, and other character-
istics must be subordinated to this
one. In spite of the limitations
thus imposed, modern warships are
healthful and comfortable homes.
THE GREATEST MENACE
For centuries we have heard of
the dangers that assail men who go
down to the sea in ships. We have
come to accept this idea as truth,
and even to embody it in our prayer
books. As a matter of fact, unless
28
engaged in actual combat, the navy
man is much safer on his ship than
he is when ashore on liberty. The
diseases and accidents of the civil
community are a far greater menace
to his health than are the machines
the explosives and the living condi
tions on board his ship.
During the first century of its
existence, drowning cost the Navy
more lives each year than any other
cause, but for the past few vears
motor vehicle accidents on = short
have far exceeded all other causes
of loss of man power. To the navy
doctor this is a tragic verily. The
time to pray for your boy in the
Navy is not when he is safe at sea
in his ship, but when he goes
ashore.
DIET AND DISEASE
And what do you think have been
the greatest dangers to which men
in ships have been exposed? Wat
fare? Shipwreck? Sirens singing
their luring lay? No, you’re wrong
again. Diet and disease have been
the leading assassins all through
the ages. They still hang around,
eagerly waiting for us to relax our
vigilance.
Scurvy and beriberi, both due to
faulty diet, have won wars and de
: ‘It's Time for Doctor's Post's Bran Flakes!
LIFE IS SWELL
WHEN You
KEEP WELL!
Delicious nut-like flavor—plus 3 Extra Benefits!
1. Post’s40° Bran Flakes provide enough
bran to help prevent constipation due to
lack of bulk in the diet.
2. They supply important nourishment
phosphorus for the teeth
of wheat
and bones
and iron for the blood.
3. Post’s Bran Flakes are enriched with
the precious Vitamin B;— provide 50
U.S.P. Units per ounce, or 1596 of an
adult’s minimum daily requirement.
288
feated campaigns. Malaria, typhoid,
typhus and dysentery have deci-
mated the men of crews and armies.
Yellow fever was a potent factor
in the strategy of all our wars up
to the time of the first world war.
But these killers are no _ longer
feared, because we know what to
do now. Our men are protected by
inoculation against smallpox, ty-
phoid, tetanus and yellow fever.
Scurvy and beriberi are prevented
by careful attention to dietary
needs.
It used to be, in romantic times
long past, that the headlines ac-
cented the surgeon, knee deep in
gore, who lopped off limbs and
seared the bleeding stumps amid the
roar of battle. Nowadays, the life-
saver is the doctor who watches the
ration and makes sure that no vital
element is lacking, or the one who
snoops about to find where the flies
and mosquitoes are breeding. There
is little romazce in such work, but
it is of tremendous importance in
protecting our investment in healthy
bodies, and thus it may be the de-
ciding factor in battle.
Some day, some one will record
with flaming pen and emotional
adjectives the story of scurvy in
ships. The subject is dripping with
drama, reeking with romance, and
turgid with tragedy. But it is a
dead cat, only a_ highly-scented
memory, for the disease is practi-
cally unknown in the ships of
today. The death rate in our Navy,
despite its accidents, explosions,
crowded quarters and the hazards
of the sea, is only one quarter as
high as that of the United States
as a whole.
1F SICKNESS COMES
When a man in the Navy does
fall sick, or is injured, he is assured
of skilful care under any but the
most exceptional conditions. Every
warship larger than a destroyer has
one or more doctors on board and
also has its own hospital, known
as the sick-bay. On the larger ves-
sels there are complete facilities for
diagnosis and treatment of condi-
tions in all the special fields of
medicine. Operating rooms and
surgical equipment are designed
for general surgery or any of its
specialties. Dental care is not
neglected, for all the big ships have
dentists, with complete equipment,
as a part of their complement.
We sometimes lose sight of the
fact that every well balanced navy
must have one foot firmly planted
on the shore. The ships need navy
yards and supply bases for upkeep
and replenishing stores. Hospitals
on shore are equally necessary for
treatment and repair of sick and
injured bodies. A list recently pub-
lished showed 24 United States
naval hospitals, with more than
8,000 beds, also many smaller hos-
pitals which are classed as dis-
pensaries. These are spread around
the world in areas where the Navy
operates. Every effort is made to
maintain these on the same high
level of service and efficiency as the
best hospitals in civilian com-
munities.
Navy doctors must be graduates
of Class A medical schools and are
selected by competitive examina-
tion. Medical books, journals and
courses of postgraduate instruction
are provided to help them keep up
with the advances of medical sci-
ence. The present system of selec-
tion makes every step of their
promotion a matter of severe com-
petition and is an added incentive
for them to work hard and keep
up to date. The navy physician
who likes to sit by the side of the
road and just smell the flowers, or
to watch the rest of the world go
by, doesn’t get very far.
In the hospitals and on the hos-
pital ships, nursing is under the
supervision of women belonging to
the Navy Nurse Corps. They are
carefully chosen from graduates of
approved schools of nursing, and
no undergraduates are employed.
It is largely due to their efforts that
such a high standard of nursing is
maintained in the hospitals of the
United States Navy.
On board warships and at many
remote bases, nursing is done by
men of the Hospital Corps. * These
are enlisted men of better than
average education who are tempera-
mentally suited for care of the sick.
After finishing the course at a naval
training station, they go to one of
the Hospital Corps training schools
and then to one of our large naval
hospitals for further education. It
is surprising to see what a compe-
tent nurse or technician a_ high
school boy becomes after such a
course. Dr. T. B. Mapath of the
Mayo Clinic, after observing their
work with the Navy’s Mobile Base
Hospital, wrote: “Probably the most
interesting part of the whole experi-
ment was to observe the efficiency
of the Hospital Corps man. Not
HYGEIA
only was he able to be a good
mechanic, electrician or plumber,
but he was able to clear land of
virgin brush, lay water lines, erect
shower baths, build concrete foun-
dations for buildings and, of course,
carry out with usual navy efficiency
laboratory and operating room tech-
nics and general nursing care,
These men immediately gain re-
spect and admiration.”
SEAGOING HOSPITALS
One of the ties that bind the Medi-
cal Department of the ship to the
hospital ashore is the hospital ship.
Since 1920, the U. S. S. Relief has
served the fleet in this capacity,
Recently the U. S. S. Solace has
been commissioned, and others are
on the way. These ships have all
the facilities of a large city hos-
pital, with specialists in every
branch of the healing art. They
accompany the fleet and also sup-
plement the medical facilities of
remote naval bases. They are
equipped to act as public health
laboratories, thus aiding to prevent
or control epidemic disease, either
afloat or ashore.
Flying hospitals and ambulance
planes are now well established,
and many lives are being saved by
quick transportation of patients by
air. Planes can do what go other
vehicle can. They are able to carry
patients quickly and comfortably
over the roughest sea or the worst
sort of country to a hospital or hos-
pital ship, where they can receive
skilled care. In many cases, an
hour or two gained in getting the
patient to a hospital may save a
limb or a life. Such life-saving
flights now occur so often that they
are no longer news. What used to
be a dramatic event is now part of
the routine, but it still thrills us old
timers to see a patient who once
would have been doomed to death
or serious disability saved by air
transport. Soon all hospital ships
will carry their own aircraft, and
this will immediately widen their
field of service.
We have circumnavigated our
subject and come back to the
rhetorical question of the title:
How does the Navy get that way?
The answer is “by recruiting
healthy men and keeping them
healthy!”
The ideas and opinions here expressed
are the private views of the author and
are not to be regarded as policies of the
Navy Department.—Eb.
EIA
‘ood
ber,
rect
/un-
irse,
‘icy
ech-
are,
ledi-
the
ship.
has
city.
has
, are
e all
hos-
very
They
sup-
s of
are
ealth
‘vent
ither
ance
shed,
d by
s by
other
arry
fably
vorst
hos-
“eive
, an
r the
ve a
ving
they
-d to
rt of
s old
once
leath
y air
ships
and
their
our
the
title:
way?
iting
them
ressed
r and
of the
April 1942
289
A PAGE OF EYES AT WAR
Can you identify their owners’ jobs?
THESE PICTURES show the eves of actual
people at work on jobs where better
light is helping to meet America’s de
mand for speed. In factories, in offices,
in homes. eyes like these are being
called on for a million critical seeing
tasks. How well they are done, how
easily, how fast, depends on how well
we can see. And that, given good eyes
MAN, AGE 60. Aircraft mechanic during last war, then took up selling. Used
spare time to equip machine shop in basement. Now making a living from his
hobby, turning out precision parts at home for local war plants. Says he
doesn’t have to waste time taking work over to a window for micrometer
reading since he put in better light. Gets no rejects, either.
BOY, AGE 19. Now taking advanced civilian pilot training course.
Finds time in addition to ground school work to be a sophomore
in the local university, studying mathematics, economics, geogra-
phy. With so much homework, he’s careful to protect his good
eyesight with a 100-watt G-E bulb in his reading lamp.
£ : ss c :
WOMAN, AGE 72. Knit her way through the last war and is going
strong through this one. Younger friends have to hump to equal
her Red Cross production. Says eyes aren’t much worse than they
used to be, but woe betide any member of the family who
“borrows” the new 150-watt G-E bulb from her reading lamp!
to start with, depends on the light...
MAN, AGE 27. Formerly draftsman in architect's office.
Now with large engineering firm, drafting plans for
new plant to build engines for the Navy. Under cool
G-E fluorescent lighting, works longer hours with less
fatigue—impossible with tin-shaded lamp at old job!
WOMAN, AGE 26. Left peacetime office job for position as secretary
to airplane factory official. Does more work with fewer mistakes
and less eyestrain, still feels fresh and alert for civilian war work,
thanks to the new, efficient G-E fluorescent lighting. Says she
wouldn't go back to that old poorly-lighted office for anything!
HOW TO HELP YOUR EYES DO THEIR JOB!
——O: In factory or office, G-E
MAZDA F (fluorescent
lamps can make work
easier, speed production.
To protect eyes at home,
see your G-E lamp deal-
—_ = er’s right size bulb chart!
G-E MAZDA LAMPS
GENERAL @ ELECTRIC
Mazpa: Not the name of a thing, but the mark of a research service
290
No more
corset-fatigue!
@ “What a relief!’’ say millions of
women after they wear a Camp
Support. Relief from strain’.
from fatigue ; from that
wearying ‘pinched-i in” feeling.
You see, in controlling your
figure, a Camp Scientific Support
doesn’t force it into unnatural lines.
Instead, it helps “‘lift’’ you back
into truer anatomical alignment.
With muscular action unhampered,
you feel lighter . . . wonderfully
free! That “tired feeling’ lessens
as posture improves. You look
better in every way!
Why don’t you discover the
marvelous relief of wearing a Camp
Support? They give you custom-
made fit at less than half the cost
of custom-made foundations .. .
are, of course, never sold by
door-to-door canvassers.
$5 to $12.50
. H.CAMP AND COMPANY, JACKSON, MICHIGAN
wrid's largest manufacturers of scientific supports. Ofhces in
New York; Chicago; Windsor, Ontario; London, Eng.
CAMP
—~ M400 td
Look for the authorized Camp service symbol when you
shop! And remember—Camp service includes expert
fitting by specially trained Camp fitters —at no extra cost.
QUESTIONS AND
Copper Kettles
To the Editor:—I should like to
know how you feel about the use
of copper kettles when making
pickles to secure a bright green
pickle.
Answer.—lIf bright green aenge
‘are obtained through the use of <
copper kettle, a significant sisi
of copper must be dissolved by the
brine. The bright green color
which is given vegetables by the
addition of copper salts is not
caused by preserving the chloro-
phyll but by actually dyeing the
vegetable with the copper salt used.
This is shown by the fact that vege-
tables devoid of chlorophyll as-
sume a green color on the addition
of copper salts.
There is also a lack of agreement
as to the harm that might be caused
by the addition of copper to green
vegetables. It appears that copper
combines with chlorophyll to form
a compound which is not readily
available, and is therefore relatively
non-toxic.
In some cases sO much copper
sulfate has been added to canned
vegetables that one can of peas, for
instance, will contain as much as
21% grams of this salt. This amount
of copper would be harmful.
With the amount of evidence that
available, we would not
want to condemn or condone the
manufacture of pickles in copper
kettles. It is safe to say that this
is an unnecessary practice and for
this reason inadvisable.
is now
Punishment in School
To the Editor:—The teacher was
out of the room, and when she
returned all was not as quiet as it
should have been. My child was
made to put his hands behind his
back, put his head on the table
HYGEIA
and remain that way for one
hour. He was denied all partici-
pation in educational activities
for that period. I should like to
know your opinion as to the
effects of that type of treatment
for a 6 year old child in the first
grade?
I do not wish to be misunder-
stood. I believe in discipline in
school and recognize that it is
necessary, but I should like to
know if the medical profession
approves of such treatment of
voung children. A great many
maladjustments and wrong men-
tal attitudes have their inception
in the early years of growth.
Humiliation is, I think, a con-
tributing factor.
L. W., Washington, D. C.
Answer.—The answer to your
question depends entirely on your
conception of what a schoolroom
ought to be. According to the old
conception of the schoolroom where
every child sits in his seat, refrains
from whispering or moving about
unless he has permission and is
generally submissive to what the
teacher considers good discipline,
your child should be punished. Ac-
cording to the modern conception
of the schoolroom for 6 year olds,
quiet and inactivity is not to be
expected. A reasonable amount of
activity and its accompanying
noises, if it does not become bois-
terous and if it remains as purpose-
ful as can be expected, is considered
more normal than the enforced
quiet of the traditional schoolroom.
There would consequently be many
educators who would consider that
your child should not be punished
at all, entirely aside from the suil-
ability of the punishment admin-
istered.
The modern psychologist would
consider that needless humiliation
ph
lo
one
ici-
ties
» to
the
ent
irst
ler-
in
is
to
ion
of
any
en-
‘ion
vth.
-On-
our
our
om
old
ere
1iNsS
yout
| B
the
ine,
Ac-
lion
lds,
be
t of
ying
O1S-
OSC-
red
‘ced
OM.
any
thal
hed
suil-
nin-
yuld
tion
jpril 1942
is as bad as excessive physical
punishment, if not worse. Any
child at the age of 6 should not
be expected to remain quiet with
his hands behind his back for an
hour. It is not natural for a child
to do so and to enforce such quiet
on him is unreasonable and un-
necessary. If the child has actually
done something which he ought not
to do because it is genuinely impor-
tant that he should not do it or be-
cause it has infringed on the rights
of others, and not merely because
it has annoyed an adult, he should
be punished by taking away one of
his privileges. A wise teacher will
know the most effective punishment
for each child. Punishment, how-
ever, must not be given in a spirit
of revenge or getting even, or “I'll
leach you to behave, you little imp.”
It must be given calmly in a spirit
of constructive helpfulness to the
child.
Was your child the only one pun-
ished? If the punishment, unsuit-
able as it was, was given the whole
group, humiliation of any one child
would not be a factor, but even so
we would regard the punishment as
unsuitable.
Hernia in Infants
To the Editor:—Can an infant be
ruptured from crying? Does it
do an infant any good to hold
him up in the air by his feet for
a moment after each bath?
F. M., Illinois.
Answer.—Unless there is a de-
fect in the abdominal wall, crying
in an infant will not produce a
hernia. Once in a while where
there is a defect at the navel a
hernia protrudes when the child
CTICS,
We know of no reason why it is
of any benefit to a child to hold him
up by his feet at any time. It is
sometimes necessary in making a
physical examination for the doctor
lo do this,
Hard to Get Up
lo the Editor:—What do light and
dark of the early morning hours
have to do with one’s ability to
get out of bed without effort? In
the spring when the sun is up
early I enjoy getting up, but in
the winter when the sun rises
'wo hours later than I am forced
lo get up, T have an awful time
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rising without driving myself.
What causes one to want to sleep
later of a morning in the winter
than in the summer or spring?
H. S., lowa.
Answer.—Such experience should
not lead one to generalize. Perhaps
it is personal. In any case, a few
experimental tests would probably
give a better answer than theories
and speculations could give. The
eyelids allow some light to pass into
the eyes even though the lids are
down. Perhaps the ease of rising
in the spring results from being
gradually awakened by the light be-
fore the need for arising has come.
Try sleeping in a dark room or with
a black bandage over the eyes, when
the sun shines early in the morn-
ing, and learn whether the winter
experience is repeated. Or in the
winter have an_ artificial light
placed in your sleeping room some
time before you usually awaken.
Also, winter temperature may play
a role. If you have been accustomed
to sleeping in a cold room, try a
bedroom with the temperature of
springtime. Perhaps the singing of
birds in the spring favors a cheerful
awakening; that could be shut out
by covering the ears or having the
windows closed in the morning.
We recommend personal investiga-
tion; the tests should be tried many
times.
Heart Stops Beating
To the Editor:—In our biology
class, a boy brought an article
which he found in a newspaper
about the man whose heart had
stopped beating for twenty min-
utes. While discussing it, we
disagreed as to the amount of
truth in the article. I am enclos-
ing the article, and our class
would like to know what the
American Medical Association
thinks of it.
D. D., Wisconsin.
Answer.—Your first question,
whether we believe that the event
occurred, can be answered simply
by saying that the original article
appeared in The Journal of the
American Medical Association.
The next point that we feel must
be discussed is the possible way in
which your group has interpreted
this event. This was not an in-
stance in which a person going nor-
mally about his business suddenly
had his heart stop for a period of
HYGEIA
twenty minutes and then just as
suddenly had the heart start beat.
ing again without any ill effects,
The person to whom this happened
was on the operating table; he was
undergoing an operation on _ the
chest. The operating team was
fully aware of the action of the
heart and lungs and the reaction
and condition of the patient at all
times. It was noted immediately
when the heart stopped beating,
Immediately, measures were started
to keep up the circulation and
aereation of the tissues. Potent
drugs were given, some of these
being introduced directly into the
heart itself. Massage of the heart
was started. Artificial respiration
was given in which only oxygen
was administered.
The record shows that the heart
did have a few voluntary move-
ments five minutes after the original
stopping. During the remainder of
the twenty minute period the heart
again showed some signs of feeble
beating, which continued only mo-
mentarily and then stopped. The
patient received oxygen directly
into the lungs by means of the
breathing apparatus which had been
connected to the lungs before the
operation began.
This occurrence has taught doc-
tors some new features. While this
is only one case, at least it has
demonstrated that the time a heart
‘an stop and normal recovery can
occur is much longer than was for-
merly believed. It also shows that
recovery is dependent on adequate
and proper” tissue oxygenation,
especially brain tissue. In this case
it was done by immediate and
simultaneous artificial circulation
and respiration.
Finally, you must remember that
this is but one instance, and il
doesn’t prove that the same results
can be expected in every other
instance. Therefore, all that can
be accepted at this time is that one
person’s heart did stop and remain
stopped for twenty minutes, and he
did recover without any apparent
damage to the brain.
If you have a question relating to health,
write to “Questions and Answers,” HycGe!,
enclosing a three-cent stamp. Questivts
are submitted to recognized authorities i”
the several branches of medicine. Diag-
noses in individual cases are not attempted
nor is treatment prescribed. Anonymous
letters are ignored.
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————
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YGEIA,
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Diag-
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April 1942
Gasoline
Intoxication
(Continued from page 257)
been known that the hydrocarbons
were the poisonous elements in
gasoline. Today’s modern refining
does not remove hydrocarbons, be-
cause if it did the product would
no longer be gasoline. But new
products have crept in which tend
to make gasoline more toxic than
formerly. The olefin and aromatic
content is higher. Gasoline evapo-
rates more quickly, hence is more
easily breathed. When gasoline
has a high amount of benzene, it
is more toxic because the body will
absorb it more easily. There is a
great deal of difference in gasolines,
depending on source and produc-
tion methods.
Most cases of gasoline poisoning
so far reported have resulted from
exposures during various processes
concerned with its manufacture,
from its use in industry as a sol-
vent, its use in dry cleaning estab-
lishments, or because children got
hold of it and drank it. Severe
chronic poisoning cases have been
reported from time to time in
cleaning establishments, especially
through pressing clothes still damp
with gasoline, causing the heavier
more dangerous fractions to mix
with air breathed by the workers.
Such dangers are also present in
the home when gasoline is used for
cleaning.
Simply by substituting kerosene
for gasoline in an industrial appli-
cation, Dr. O. M. Spencer, surgeon
of the United States Public Health
Service, reports how a factory re-
duced dispensary visits by half and
nearly doubled production. While
gasoline was used, in addition to
having various conditions of ill
health, the women were unusually
lalkative, giggled a great deal and
were foolish beyond explanation.
Men, on the other hand, were un-
reasonable and easily angered. Dr.
Alice Hamilton, previously special
investigator of poisonous industries
for the United States Bureau of
Labor Statistics and now a pro-
lessor at Harvard University, told
of a foreman in a rubber plant com-
293
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plaining that he had to be very
careful what he said to his men
late in the afternoon after they had
been working in gasoline fumes, as
they were easily and unreasonably
angered.
Hospitals report numerous cases
in which children have required
emergency treatment because of
drinking gasoline. Cases requiring
long hospital care and even causing
death have also been’ reported.
While more children appear to get
hold of kerosene than gasoline, the
latter cases are more serious. Up
to 50 per cent of deaths have been
reported in series of cases where
children drank gasoline. About ten
years ago, The Journal of the Ameri-
‘an Medical Association reported a
‘ase in which an 8 year old boy
put a tube into the tank of his
father’s car and sucked. A _ play-
mate grabbed the tank end of the
tube and blew, forcing gasoline into
his friend’s mouth. The resulting
illness was so severe that the boy
was not well enough to go to school
for over two months, after weeks
of hospital care.
It is well known that some people
are far more susceptible than others
to gasoline poisoning. The _ pres-
ence of food and fats in the stomach
also delays absorption. Gasoline,
on the other hand, is absorbed far
more quickly when it contains a
lot of benzene.
Just how much gasoline has to be
in the air before people die on short
exposure is not known. Neither is
there any standard figure for the
amount which causes intoxication.
The Massachusetts code sets the
maximum allowable amount in
which people may work at 1,000
parts of gasoline per million parts
of air. This legislation is a step
in the right direction, even though
it does not form any guarantee that
people may work in air so perme-
ated and maintain their health. In
fact, many authorities feel that the
amount permitted by the Massa-
chusetts code is too high for con-
tinuous work, that susceptible per-
sons may get gasoline intoxication
with but 300 to 500 parts of gaso-
line per million parts of air. One
physician found nervous symptoms
a common indication of poisoning,
among rubber plant workers breath-
ing only 110 to 450 parts of gasoline
per million parts of air. Dr. Field-
ner, of the United States Depart-
ment of Commerce, Bureau of
Mines, has studied the problem at
length and says that men exposed
to as much as 1,000 parts ge
drowsy, dull, and some may even
develop numbness in as little as
five minutes. Within an hour, they
are dizzy, suffer from lack of mus.
cle control, and experience slight
nausea. When the amount of gaso.
line in the air is upped to three
times that amount, the same symp-
toms appear, but more quickly,
When it is shot up to 7,000 parts
of gasoline, the men are intoxicated
within five minutes. Animals die
very quickly in fumes above 10,000
parts per million.
Poor ignition, poor mixing and
vaporization of gasoline and_ air,
too rich a mixture, or incomplete
flame propagation cause gasoline
vapor in exhaust gases. This may
become a serious problem if traffic
is stopped in tunnels for any length
of time.
There do not seem to be standard
signs by which a physician is able
to examine a body and know thal
the person died from gasoline poi-
soning, but certain things do show
up quite uniformly. Some of these
are injuries to the brain and other
parts of the nervous system, lung
damage, broken blood vessels with
hemorrhages into various organs
and bronchial tube irritation.
Acute poisoning, as may occur in
air heavily laden with gasoline and
poorly ventilated, plays havoe with
the nervous system. The _ victim
may fall unconscious and die im-
mediately or within a few hours.
Or, if death is delayed, the lack of
consciousness may be less rapid
and resemble acute alcoholism with
a brief period of incoordination,
excitement, fighting and swearing,
mental confusion and trouble with
swallowing and speech. Delirium
and unconsciousness, lasting for
hours or even days, follow. The
type of unconsciousness depends
on the kind of gasoline.
Warning signs that acute intoxi-
cation may occur if the person does
not get out of the fumes include
headaches, blurred vision, dizziness,
nausea, loss of appetite and ringing
in the ears.
One state of intoxication is known
as a “naphtha jag.” Here the sensa-
tion may be pleasant, and people
have been known either to drink or
inhale gasoline fumes to get this
effect. The only trouble is_ thal
usually a “naphtha jag” does not
result. The results are usually ex-
tremely painful.
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April 1942
Opinions as to the extent of
chronic poisoning differ. The
chronie type occurs after exposure
to low concentrations over a long
period. These people do not gel
the severe symptoms found in acute
cases. But minor ill health may
start almost any time after ex-
posure, although it may be a matter
of months or even years before
serious trouble starts. This condi-
tion then becomes progressively
worse as long as exposure to the
fumes continues. Dr. Machle_ be-
lieves that ill health follows acute
poisoning more frequently than it
is suspected, even though most pa-
tients recover without later trouble.
Qn the other hand, he does not
think that the number of chronic
cases is large.
The most serious after effects of
acule poisoning are epileptic-like
seizures Which may continue to
occur two or more years after the
acute stage. The most common
after effects are neuritis, poor
memory, and a_ generally dulled
intellect.
Interesting is the statement of the
Cincinnati physician that lead poi-
soning will not result from the use
of leaded gasoline as usually han-
dled in commerce. He says that
numerous cases of lead poisoning
caused by the handling of motor
fuel containing tetraethyl lead have
been brought to his attention, but
in every instance careful investiga-
tion has proved that lead poisoning
was not responsible for the illness.
First aid precautions to be ob-
served when a person has _ been
overcome by gasoline fumes are:
First, get the person away from the
fumes and into the air. Second,
keep him warm. Put him to bed
as soon as possible. Third, give
the victim a cleansing bath to re-
move any gasoline on the skin.
Usually there is little doubt when
4 person is suffering from an at-
lack of acute gasoline poisoning.
The odor of gasoline usually clings
to the clothes and skin. If a per-
son has swallowed gasoline, it can
be detected on the breath and in
the vomit.
_ It is well to remember that much
ill health and even death may be
caused either by swallowing or by
inhaling gasoline. The product of
loday is more dangerous than that
used fifteen years ago, and its in-
creased use gives more and more
°pportunities for poisoning.
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296
Employment Is Nature's
Best Physician
(Continued from page 269)
It is readily seen that such a
comprehensive list of activities
opens many approaches for the pur-
pose of assisting the patient both
physically and mentally. It is, of
course, impossible to separate the
mind and body effects. Dr. C.
Charles Burlinghame, Physician in
Chief of the Neuropsychiatric Insti-
tute and the Hartford Retreat, refers
to a most comprehensive program
of rehabilitation under his charge:
“The program of occupational ther-
apy includes not only making rugs
and baskets, arts and crafts, and
modeling, but instruction in music,
in the fine arts generally, nature
study, horticulture, domestic sci-
ence, home economics, home nurs-
ing, and other occupations which
may be directly related to the prob-
lems which will confront our guests
on their return to their usual posi-
tion in society. It includes golf
and tennis, outdoor sports generally,
gymnasium work, pool, bowling,
etc., which tend not only to restore
both body and mind to normal but
give an introduction to a permanent
healthful hobby for the future.
These are the modern substitutes
for powders and pills, restraint and
force.”
It is probably because of his
hobbies more than anything else
that the man on the street keeps
his mental and physical balance.
Every one is an occupational thera-
pist in the sense that he has
some hobby, some outlet for blow-
ing off steam. From the man
who collects seed catalogues, to
the artistically minded man who
collects mementos of Gilbert and
Sullivan there are all kinds and
degrees of people who use hobbies
as a shock absorber in the fast trip
over many rough roads which char-
acterizes our ultra-modern living.
Joseph Hoffman in his machine
shop, Helen Jepson with her “sing-
ing china,” Gelett Burgess building
his crazy village figures, Lauritz
Melchior making candy, Colonel
Lemuel Q. Stoopnagle with his doc-
tored newspaper photographs—
realize the help to their spirit which
such outlets afford. They proba-
bly do not know that they would
most likely make good occupational
therapists since their vital interest
in such avocations would create
infectious relationships through
which they could gain and sustain
the interest of the patient. It is
this liking for new and vitalizing
experiences which is so close to
our nature and which affords the
basis for the modern occupational
therapy rationale.
What does occupational therapy
do for the patient? There are
many important contributions it
may make to modern and more
effective treatment of the sick. In
the first place, it gives the patient,
whether he is mentally or physi-
cally sick, something he can do.
The therapist has a veritable magic
bag of tricks for gaining the pa-
tient’s interest. Once the start
based on genuine interest is made,
the patient may find a stabilizing
activity which will help to put him
on his feet.
Occupational therapy improves
the morale. The patient who is
suffering from a broken leg may
be more basically affected by “a
broken mind.” That is, while his
leg may ache the really disastrous
effect of the accident may be on
his thinking, if he takes a fatalistic
attitude toward his physical, social
and economic recovery, if he thinks
that he may not be able to get back
on the job or feels that he will not
be able to work as well as before,
that his neighbors are unconcerned,
that he is without friends, or that he
is being neglected in the hospital.
Such a patient needs something to
occupy his thoughts, to replace
these morbid preoccupations. His
social tolerance has been weakened.
This is where occupational therapy
comes in. The therapist may bring
a rug to be woven, a basket to be
made, puzzles to be unfathomed,
books to be read. Soon, her radi-
ant personality fused with the in-
fectious urge of the task at hand
creates a therapeutic situation
which serves to brighten the pa-
tient’s day with new and happy
experiences.
HYGEIA
This is probably more apparent
in the treatment of the mentally jj],
One of the characteristics of the
largest group of the mentally sick,
the dementia praecox patients, jis
that they are suffering among other
things from a deep feeling of failure,
Their sense of worthwhileness has
been lowered, they feel that they
are not only unabie to cope with the
hard world of reality but in many
‘ases that they are unworthy of
attempting the task. It is amazing
to see such persons boosted in spirit
by fashioning an artistic piece of
pottery, by the awakening of their
ability to play a good game of
tennis, by the evocation of their
social capacity brought out in the
intriguing music of the dance. Such
patients are looking for ways and
means of boosting their confidence,
and occupational therapy may sup-
ply the answer to this need.
The patient, regardless of his dis-
ase, will do something; he will
have an outlet, and whether this
expression is beneficial or harmful
must depend to some extent on the
doctor. Occupational therapy pro-
vides a medium for a constructive
outlet. In talking with a dementia
praecox patient who had improved
to such an extent that he was being
discharged from the hospital, I was
much impressed with his statement
that the recreational activities of
the hospital had “let in the light.”
Further conversation brought oul
his idea that he was seeking some-
thing to take the place of many dis-
tracting and tormenting ideas which
had confused him and made it diffi-
cult to carry out the normal plans
he had made. When he became
immersed with such troublesome
ideas he would make it a habit to
take his golf clubs and go out on
the course. While he was playing
“the light came in’”—he was acceplt-
ing brightening ideas, pleasurable
thoughts to replace the morbid pre-
occupations of his disease. He
seemed to be able to forget his
troubles while following the elusive
golf ball over the wide, inviting
expanse of the course. Psychiatrists
remind us that such replacement
therapy provides an effective ap-
proach in treatment. The many
types of activity which the thera-
pist has at her disposal may contain
something which will afford the
patient a constructive outlet. The
utilization of such material depends
on her personality, training and
ingenuity.
iETA
irent
y ill,
the
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ther
lure,
_ has
they
1 the
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vy of
izing
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the
Such
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He
his
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ting
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ient
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the
The
nds
and
April 1942
Occupational therapy is fully con-
scious of the fact that there are
many eases of “an overactive mind
in an underactive body,” and con-
versely that there are cases of “a
poorly functioning mind in an over-
active body.” For the first group,
the hand may serve to stabilize
the mind. Educators, psycholo-
gists and psychiatrists are calling
attention to the importance of using
the muscles for the purpose of cre-
ating a serene and well functioning
mentality. The occupational thera-
pist is confronted by a mentally
sick patient with delusions and
hallucinations. Trying to talk to
the patient seems only to create
further problems. He talks inco-
herently in a world of fantasy. The
psychiatrist recommends that the
therapist attempt to approach the
patient on a lower plane than the
plane of talking. He must be reacti-
vated on a most fundamental level,
that of seeing and feeling. A piece
of sandpaper and a block of wood
are placed in his hand, he may go
swimming in the pool, or he may
be led to the baseball diamond
where other patients are playing.
When the glove is placed on his
hand and the ball thrown to him
he may throw it back. All this
lakes place without talking. It is
an approach on the low sensory
level. Occupational therapy has an
effective method here which will
often serve to get the patient started
when all other methods fail. This is
well illustrated in the child’s world,
in which muscular activities have
such a high degree of importance.
Mary, who leaves her mother talking
about a trip to the country for the
immediate and valid pleasure of
playing in a mud puddle, illustrates
the point. Where will you find a
boy who is not anxious for the
coach’s pep talk to be over so that
he can get into the game itself?
Another value of occupational
therapy to the patient has te do
with his interests. Interests may
be like barnacles which attach
themselves to a boat and impede
iis normal progress, or they may
be like the sails which help it to
speed quickly and effectively on its
Way. Many sick people suffer from
the fact that their interests have
become attached to inward things;
they are so overcome by their diffi-
cullies that their interests dry up,
become confined and are unable to
set out into reality. Psychiatrists
explain that in this condition the
discovered about
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~
SEX EDUCATION
\. PAMPHLETS
Dr. Thurman B. Rice
THOSE FIRST SEX QUESTIONS
For parents of little chil-
dren. Wholesome home
life, character training and
honest, accurate answers
io children’s first sex ques-
tions are fundamental in
successful sex education.
THE STORY OF LIFE
For boys and_ girls ten
vears of age, telling them
how the young come to
plants, cold-blooded = ani-
mals, domestic animals,
and human parents.
IN TRAINING
For boys of high school
age, interpreting their
adolescent development in
terms of athletic and other
achievements which’ they
can understand and ad-
mire.
HOW LIFE GOES ON
For girls of high school
age, explaining how they
are to be mothers of the
men of tomorrow.
THE AGE OF ROMANCE
For young men and
women, dealing with the
problem as a unit for both
sexes instead of segregating the infor-
€
we AC
yr ROMANCE
mation for each sex as in the older
teaching methods.
PRICES
25 cents each; set of 5 in file case, $1.00
20 cents each
16 cents each
14 cents each
5 to 50 copies, assorted,
51 to 100 copies,
101 to 500 copies,
assorted,
assorted,
accompany order)
(Remittance in full must
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
535 No. Dearborn St. Chicago
emotions become thrown back on
the patient, who grows tense and
buttons himself up to exclude out-
side influences. A form of treat-
ment to help these people must pro-
vide for the “externalization of
emotions’”—in the words of the psy-
chiatrist. The mentally sick man
who constantly complains about an
imaginary chemical which he fears
is drying up his blood directs his
feeling life inward to thwart such
catastrophe. The therapist finds
that he has been an expert swim-
mer; he is induced to swim again.
Day after day such relaxative plea-
sure provides the setting for the
therapeutic attack. His attention is
called to his skill, his improvement
in physical tolerance, his increas-
ing control over his thoughts as well
as his body, and he is naturally
affected by such merited com-
mendation. He begins to take pride
in his accomplishment, and his feel-
ing life begins to attach itself to
the act of swimming. Thus his
emotions become externalized. In
plain, everyday language, he gets
out of himself into the activity and
thoughts of others. This is one of
the results and goals of modern
occupational therapy.
One of the most frequent com-
plaints of patients in mental hos-
pitals is that they are overly
restrained. Some feel that they are
being punished for a_ fanciful
wrong. Restraint, of course, is
necessary in the treatment of cer-
lain overactive and_ antagonistic
patients. There are relatively few
such cases, however, in the ordi-
nary hospital population, and the
others, if given suitable outlets
for constructive expression, will
respond more favorably to treat-
ment. Occupational therapy con-
tains many activities which will
serve to release pent up feelings in
wholesome ways. For example, the
patient who is confined because of
his vicious habit of hitting others
may conceivably become so much
interested in baseball that he will
be more inclined to hit the ball
than to hit the person. If the ac-
tivity is carefully carried out as a
therapeutic procedure, the patient
will be encouraged to get into the
activity of others, to learn to live
“with people instead of living
against people.” This cooperative
motif looms large in occupational
therapy practice. The destructive
patient who is kept inside because
of his habit of tearing his clothes
HYGEIA
may find a social release from such
antagonistic ideas in fashioning an
artistic vase under the unobtrusive,
discerning and encouraging eye of
the therapist. Such activities lead
to greater freedom of ideas as well
as of body and satisfy a deep yearn-
ing in the lives of the mentally sick,
Occupational therapy ranks high in
this field, frequently referred to by
the psychiatrists as “the sublimative
tendencies of activity.”
Finally, occupational therapy pro-
vides a modern substitute for pow-
der and pills. This does not mean
that the physically and mentally
sick do not need such forms of
medicine, but it does imply thal
there are many degrees and stages
of illness in which the sedative
influence of a quiet game or the
engrossing allure of working in a
garden may prove to be the best
medicine. Especially in the conva-
lescent stages of physical illness,
such as the long drawn out days
when the patient is waiting for a
broken bone to knit, conventional
medicine is of little use. The
patient needs something to occupy
his mind, to give his thoughts exer-
cise so that they will not become
morbid and focused on his ailments
instead of becoming alive and going
out to attach themselves to an ever
changing and challenging world.
In other words, such occupational
therapy activities stimulate — the
patient to live and revitalize the
elements which build the “will to
survive.” The psychologists call
such approaches “psychological
medicine,” while psychiatrists use
the term “psychotherapy.” In plain
language, the patient reawakens his
interest in his physical and _per-
sonal environment. He is placed in
a favorable atmosphere for im-
provement. The soil is enriched
for the seed.
Occupational therapy is coming
of age. A new and effective treat-
ment in the alleviation of suffering
and in the hastening of recovery is
being reborn. New applications in
more scientific ways are transform-
ing an old method into a new and
vital arm of treatment. It is not a
panacea. It has definite limitations;
its methods must be further im-
proved before it attains full stature
and achieves its greatest potentiali-
ties as a helping friend of the phy-
sician. But it has Mother Nature
behind it and promises to provide
a palatable as well as effective dose
of modern medicine.
EIA
Such
e an
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e of
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arn-
sick,
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.) by
itive
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April 1942
Your Blood Can Save a Soldier!
(Continued from page 256)
of whole blood stored in iceboxes.
Volunteer donors put in a prompt
appearance. On Monday, Decem-
ber 8, the mayor of Honolulu issued
orders that motorists who violated
traffic ordinances should be fined a
pint of blood instead of money.
Within an hour of the first Japa-
nese attack, a young pilot was car-
ried into the army hospital. Finding
his own plane bombed on_ the
ground, he had tried to help
wounded men out of a_ burning
hangar. The inside of his entire
right hand and forearm was torn
off by an exploding bomb. He had
managed, however, to put a rough
tourniquet on his own arm before
he crumpled. By the time he
reached the hospital he was a typi-
cal traumatic shock victim, drifting
quietly into the coma of death.
With a prompt transfusion of
plasma, followed by another of
whole blood, color began to come
back into his face. He began to
look like a living person instead
of a corpse. In hardly more than
ten minutes he opened his eyes and
asked for a cigaret.
Three out of every four of the
Pearl Harbor attack victims re-
quired transfusions. Without plas-
Ina—or, since it happened to be
available, whole blood—without
sulfanilamide to put into wounds
and stop infection, a large propor-
tion of them would have died. But
of those still living when they
reached Tripler General Hospital in
Honolulu, 96 out of every hundred
were saved. The other hospitals
had almost equally amazing results.
Our soldiers and sailors may be
fighting on a dozen fronts, in jungle
or desert, on Arctic shores and the
seven seas. Some may be far from
such hospitals as were available in
Hawaii. And even though each of
them wears a “dog-tag” to indicate
his blood type, and is prepared to
give blood instantly to a wounded
comrade, whole blood transfusions
will usually be out of the question
at the scene of battle. Therefore
plasma is indispensable.
Another reason why your gift of
plasma is a precious one: the
wounds in this World War are
often caused by high explosive
bombs and machine gun _ bullets
that sear and shatter from above.
When bombs fall from the sky,
they hurl in every direction frag-
ments of whatever they hit. More-
over, at Pearl Harbor 60 per cent
of all the wounded were burned.
Many of the burns were “flash
burns,” from explosions so instan-
taneous that they seared the skin
wherever it was exposed, etching
outlines of the clothing on the vic-
tim. Severe burns particularly re-
quire plasma.
In Honolulu, a 7 year ald boy was
brought to the hospital nearly four-
teen hours after his leg, hip and
side had been badly burned. His
body had already lost so much mois-
ture that his eyes appeared to be
sinking into his head. With the
amazing vitality of childhood, he
had not passed into complete un-
consciousness, but he was so near
death that without even waiting for
plasma he was given an injection
of salt solution, just to give his
heart something to work on. Then
came a plasma transfusion, and
then whole blood transfusions, one
after another, until his small body
had taken on nearly a gallon of
liquid. He lived. ‘
Plasma was shipped to the Philip-
pines in October. Army men now
wish the amount could have been
greater. In addition to its use on
land, plasma is needed on every
American warship. We must have
enough of it to send, ahead of time,
to every place where fighting is
likely to occur, so as to be able to
preserve life when every minute
counts.
Before England organized its own
blood donation centers, the Ameri-
can Red Cross collected and
shipped 17,000 plasma units to
Britain. A year ago our govern-
ment asked the public for a like
amount. It was from these first
gifts that both the Pearl Harbor and
Philippine shipments were made.
With the outbreak of war the or-
ganization of additional Red Cross
donor centers began, so that blood
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
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COUNCIL ON FOODS
is now being collected in eighteen
cities.
Besides these donation centers,
the Red Cross has Mobile Units to
accommodate smaller cities and
towns. I watched one such Mobile
Unit at work in an old courthouse
building in New York where a
labor union had arranged to furnish
blood donors. There were five
registered nurses, two drivers, one
doctor and a secretary. The cars
were an ambulance donated by the
Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion, and a station wagon donated
by employees of R. H. Macy and Co.
Equipment included ten cots and
ten bridge tables. Working steadily,
in five hours the staff had regis-
tered, examined and taken blood
from Jack Lamiro, Nelda Kostov,
Lennie Dieol, and 126 others.
A “unit” of blood can be taken
safely from any properly selected
donor and is the equivalent of a
very handsome cash gift. The price
paid to professional donors §at-
tached to hospitals runs from $25
to $50 a unit.
Blood is taken by a skilled phy-
sician, assisted by trained nurses
and supplied with regular hospital
equipment. The bleeding itself is
done while the donor lies on a hos-
pital cot. It is simple and pain-
less. Aside from registering and
examining the donor, the whole
process requires only about 15 min-
utes. Each blood-unit, in its own
separate, carefully sterilized bottle,
goes at once to a processing labora-
tory where the plasma is separated
from the perishable blood cells, de-
hydrated, and frozen.
Persons between 21 and 60 who
wish to give blood should get in
louch with the nearest chapler of
the Red Cross, to learn where they
may go to make appointments. This
can be done only in the cities where
blood donor centers are located, or
at neighboring Red Cross chapters,
because the centers must be as near
as possible to the laboratories.
HYGEIA
No healthy person need be de.
terred from this life-saving gift by
fears of harmful after-effects. As
no two people have exactly the
same makeup, there may be slight
differences in their individual reac-
tions. But the doctors in the blood
donor centers know whom to take
and whom to reject. The simple
examination and set of questions
asked are based on extensive ex-
perience and give the doctor what
he needs to safeguard the donor,
You should follow closely his in-
structions about the care of your
arm, exercise, and diet.
Your body will rapidly replenish
the temporary loss of blood. If in
these days of emergency you want
to fit yourself as soon as possible
to give another donation, the sys-
tem’s normal replenishment will be
helped by eating plenty of leafy
vegetables and fresh fruit. In two
months or less, most healthy people
will be ready to give their blood
again.
Here is a_ gift which, unlike
money, unlike time or even work,
is a gift of part of yourself. A gift
most literally from your heart,
straight to the heart of another—
an American soldier or sailor who
may live to help save all you count
precious in this world because you
took one simple, generous step to
help save him.
Editor’s Note: Studies made on
blood donors indicate that some
time may be required for the blood
to regenerate. The average time re-
quired to replace the hemoglobin or
red coloring matter that is lost is
49.6 days. Subsequent donations
may be given with safety as soon
as the hemoglobin or red coloring
matter has returned to its original
level. If regular studies are nol
made an interval of three months
should elapse between blood dona-
tions. Investigations have shown
that careful attention to the diel
and to the intake of iron will aid
the regeneration of the blood.
PREVENTING CONTAMINATION OF STORED PLASMA
By the use of derivatives of
sulfanilamide, preferably sodium
sulfathiazole, contamination with
bacteria, which is known to be the
most serious hazard to storing
plasma (the fluid portion of the
blood) in the fluid state is over-
come, Milan Novak, Chicago, re-
ports in The Journal of the Ameri-
can Medical Association.
pr:
an
“Ww
ac
ted
EIA
(le-
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As
the
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take
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ions
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like
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to
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Pf-
One Hundred Years of Anesthesia
(Continued from page 286)
scope and percussion into American
practice.
After this Dr. Long spent a year
and a half in New York where he
“walked the hospitals” and became
acquainted with such outstanding
teachers as Valentine Mott, who
according to the English surgeon,
Astley Paston Cooper, had done
more of the great operations of sur-
very than any man living, and Wil-
lard Parker and Kearney Rogers.
It will be recognized that the
young man who settled in the little
country town of Jefferson had as
fine an education in medicine as the
times could afford.
In Philadelphia he probably first
became acquainted with the effects
of ether. It was one of the regular
forms of entertainment at that time
for a lecturer on chemistry to hire
a hall and give an exhibition. One
of the staple features of these shows
was the demonstration of the effects
of nitrous oxide and other exhilar-
ating drugs. Some of the Georgia
medical students boarded with two
Quaker maiden ladies at the corner
of Nineteenth and Market Streets,
and after attending one of these
demonstrations, they proceeded to
lock themselves in a bedroom and
try the effects of ether entirely for
“purposes of exhilaration.”
Dr. Long was a man of cultured
tastes and wide reading. Accord-
ing to his friend, Joseph Jacobs,
who published a rare, privately
printed pamphlet of “Personal
tecollections” (Atlanta, Ga., 1919)
he was fond of quoting from Shake-
speare and his acquaintance with
his favorite novelists, Scott, Dick-
ens, Thackeray and—as a detective
story reader, I am glad to say—
Wilkie Collins, was often renewed.
He also read widely in history, to
Which I am _ personally able to
lestify because among my posses-
sions is a copy of Washington
Irving’s “Life of Christopher Colum-
bus” with the signature and book
mark of C. W. Long on the title
page.
Visitors to the pleasant city of
Augusta, Ga., will be struck with
the statues and commemorative
lablets in the parkway center of the
pleasant residential avenue. Among
these is one to Dr. Paul Fitzsimmons
Eve. The inscription on it reminds
us vividly of our own _ troubled
times, for Dr. Eve also was touched
by the fate of Poland and went to
fight with the defenders of the
liberty of Poland in 1831. Dr. Eve
became one of the leading surgeons
of the South and editor of the
Southern Medical and Surgical Jour-
nal in which Dr. Long’s first paper
was published. Dr. Eve became a
great enthusiast for ether anesthesia
and stressed Dr. Long’s claims to
priority, doing much to acquaint
surgeons here and abroad with the
technic of anesthesia.
When Sherman's armies began
their march through Georgia, Dr.
Long entrusted all the papers re-
lating to his claims to his daughter,
Mrs. Frances Long Taylor. Athens,
however, was not in the line of
Sherman’s march.
There are a number of monu-
ments to Dr. Long. The one in the
center of the town of Jefferson was
presented by Dr. L. G. Hardman, of
Commerce, Ga., whose father and
mother were lifelong friends of Dr.
Long. It was unveiled at the sixty-
first meeting of the Georgia State
Medical Society in 1910. The office
building where the operation on
Mr. Venable was performed still
stands, and was marked by a tablet
which has become so weathered
as to be undecipherable. In 1936
the Works Progress Administration
added a bronze tablet above it, re-
peating the inscription of the origi-
nal which goes simply, “On this
site, ete.”
The University of Pennsylvania,
on March 30, 1912, unveiled a me-
morial “To Crawford W. Long.
First to use Ether as an Anaesthetic
in Surgery, March 30, 1842.” In
1921 the University of Georgia un-
veiled a monument to Dr. Long, the
gift of his old friend, Joseph Jacobs, |
on the campus in front of the
Library. In 1926 a monument was
unveiled in Danielsville, his birth-
place. And in 1926 his statue was
unveiled in Statuary Hall, Washing-
ton, D. C., the first representative
of Georgia in that group.
301
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302
CHILD CARE
Handicapped Children
il. THE SPASTIC CHILD. Training
the child afflicted with spastic paraly-
sis is discussed for parents in the
second article By RUTH E. BECKEY
« HAT SHALL I DO?” the anx-
ious mother asks when she
finds out for the first time that her
child is spastic and will have great
difficulty in learning to act as nor-
mal children do. Until quite re-
cently, many people had few hopes
for a child with a spastic condition;
it was one of the crosses that
mothers so often have to bear. How-
ever, within the last few vears, some
encouraging work has been accom-
plished toward the reeducation and
rehabilitation of the spastic crip-
ple. Although much improvement
is possible for the handicapped
child, the mother must have his
training begin as early as possible,
before the physical and emotional
characteristics become too well set.
What is spasticity? Muscles may
become drawn, convulsed, or tight.
They contract easily as a result of
the slightest stimulating effect. Many
degrees of severity exist among
spastic cripples. The speech of the
spastic is often distorted and ac-
companied by facial contortions in
which the eyes may squint or the
mouth become twisted. The voice
is usually throaty, nasal, tense, dull
and without inflectional changes.
Difficulties in speech seem to be an
outstanding disorder among many
of the spastic children, and speech
reeducation often gives the child
something very constructive on
which to begin work.
Due to the injury of certain tis-
sues Of the brain, the muscles of
the body are without proper con-
trol. As a result, the child is not
able to coordinate his movements
as well as the normal child. His
eyes often are uncontrollable, a
condition which may handicap his
progress in reading. His feet may
not be so easily controlled, and he
is forced to “shamble along,” not
knowing when he might topple
over. Depending on the part of
the brain injured, certain parts of
the body may be affected. For
instance, only one side of the body
may be paralyzed; or both sides, or
only the hands, or only the legs.
Since the brain tissues are used
to control or inhibit certain activi-
HYGEIA
ties, the injured tissues cause the
spastic to lose some of that control,
This loss of inhibitory contro]
affects the emotional balance as wel]
as the motor coordination. If the
spastic feels like crying, he may do
so, even though a more emotionally
controlled person might inhibit that
desire. These outbursts of emotion
are symptoms of the lack of contro]
due to injured brain cells.
It has been found also that the
spastic child is often impaired
mentally. About 50 per cent of the
children of this handicapped group
are retarded intellectually. As in
the case of other handicaps, it is
not always known whether the
child is actually mentally inferior
or whether the handicap has made
him so. The mental handicap of
this group occurs as a result of an
injury to the brain and not as an
inherited deficiency. The _ intelli-
gence may be “spotty,” that is, the
child may be unusually bright at
playing checkers but very dull in
his language senses.
Injured brain tissue which causes
the impairment of the motor organi-
certain planned duties.
he has a place in this world.
strongest.
“I
person as much as possible.
for his handicap.
help the child to remain calm.
years!
your waiting and work.
How to Help the Spastic Child
1. Create a comfortable and happy environment for the child . . .
let him live outdoors as much as possible.
2. Help the child to become independent by insisting on his performing
3. Regulate the child’s life very definitely, so that he eats, sleeps, rests
and takes his retraining lessons at certain hours.
4. Have faith that four child can become independent of you—that
Develop those capacities which seem
5. Do not allow your child to compete with normal children or with
adults, as overstimulation will cause him to become too tense and
will thereby retard the program of reeducation.
6. Maintain daily speech and physical exercises, as repetition counts!
Help your child to build character. Try to treat him as a normal
8. Help him and yourself to face the issue as a reality. Do not dodge
the issue by hiding the child from the public or by making excuses
9. A darkened room and soft music will aid you to secure relaxation in
your tense child. Try to be quiet and relaxed yourself, as that will
10. Above all, don’t plan to cure the child in a few months. It will take
3egin as early as possible and continue to work patiently
until you achieve the results which will be sufficient pay for all
GEIA
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ntrol,
ntro]
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ay do
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Jani-
April 1942
zation of the body may be caused by
long, difficult labor at the time of
the birth of the child. The head is
forced through the narrow channel
of the birth canal and thus may
receive an internal injury resulting
in a hemorrhage that destroys some
of the vital cells of the brain which
control the motor and emotional
responses. An injury to the child’s
head during infancy may also cause
damage to the tissues severe enough
to induce motor handicaps. Menin-
sitis, encephalitis or other severe
infectious diseases also may harm
the nervous tissues of the brain.
The chances of recovery or im-
provement of the spastic condition
will depend on the degree and ex-
tent of injury to the brain cells.
Furthermore, rehabilitation of the
child must be begun before the
child is too old—preferably before
he reaches the age of 5. In order
to learn speech and improve motor
coordinations, new uninjured areas
of the brain must be trained; there-
fore. the sooner work is begun the
better.
Since it is difficult to locate all
the spastic children in the country,
no definite number can be given.
However, it has been estimated
that about 70,000 children under
10 years of age suffer from this
handicap. Some of the children
are in regular day schools, others
in private schools, others in institu-
lions, and some are hidden in homes
by parents who seem ashamed to
show them to the public.
The few surveys which have been
made indicate that there is a great
need for organizing more efficient
care for this group of handicapped
children. At the present time, some
special classes are conducted in the
larger cities for children with spas-
lic conditions. In smaller com-
iunities the parent himself is often
compelled to do what he can with
the child. Inquiry to the local
superintendent of schools will re-
veal what facilities exist for the
crippled child.
Before a great deal can be done
by the educational director, the
medical specialists have to do their
work. Moreover, the medical spe-
cialists should continue their co-
operation with educational direc-
tors, since the spastic child needs
constant medical supervision. Spe-
cialists in surgical technics, sight-
saving, physical and occupational
therapy also need to cooperate with
the speech specialists and psycholo-
303
Four of a kind !
... and all are Carnation Babies
UADS are rare. Two sets of them in one
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Three girls and a boy to Mr. and Mrs. Porter
Lashley of Leitchfield, Kentucky
Now those eight babies are over a year old.
And since they were a few days old, they've
lived on Carnation. Any one of them is a solid
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For bottle feedings . . . and after-
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more nourishing and more digest-
These are the husky Brown Quads, born February 6, ible food than Carnation Milk.
1941. Every happy one of them raised on Carnation. Your doctor will tell you it has
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for energy . . . fine soft curds for
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min D to help build bones and
teeth. It’s pure, safe and sterile
These are the equally healthy Lashley Quads, born There's not one chance in a half
February 23, 1941. Four more votes for Carnation
TUNE IN THE CARNATION
IRRADIATED
million that you'll have quadrup-
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304
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gists in the retraining program of
the spastic. Because of the com-
plicated muscle involvement, the
speech trainer needs to work closely
with the physical therapist. More-
over, the speech defect may be
caused by a hearing defect which
has also resulted from the brain
injury causing the spastic condition.
Thus it may be observed that many
of the fields for retraining the spas-
tic are overlapping.
At best, improvement of the
speech and motor coordination of
the spastic is slow and often covers
a period of several years. But very
definite and worthwhile improve-
ment is possible with training and
patience. Although it is possible
for a girl or boy as old as 20 years
to make unusual progress, younger
children can make more rapid im-
provement.
Possibly one of the most valuable
parts of the retraining program,
after medical attention has been
given, is that of emotional retrain-
ing. Due to the injured tissues of
the brain, the child has also lost
control of his feelings. He is un-
stable and may frequently submit
to his flighty whims. In order to
improve this erratic condition, a
very definite program should be
provided. Regular sleeping, eating,
elimination and rest habits should
be formed. Study hours should be
arranged at certain times when the
child is not too tired. Speech train-
ing, relaxation periods and physi-
cal therapy should all have their
parts in the regular program. This
program should be followed strictly
to help the child attain complete
mastery of his emotional life.
Speech training is often a neces-
sary part of the spastic child’s rou-
tine. This definite procedure is
beneficial to the morale, too, as the
child feels that he is actually work-
ing toward a particular goal which
will make it possible for him to talk
understandingly. Before beginning
successful speech work, however,
the child needs to learn general
principles of relaxation. From a
relaxed position, big muscles are
taught to relax first. The foot may
be raised and dropped. The child
is not to help or resist with any
movement of the parts of his body;
he is to let the helper do all the
work. In this way, he can often
acquire the feeling of relaxation.
Later, the speech organs may be
relaxed. The tongue and lips need
special training. The teacher may
HYGEIA
open and close the child’s jaws sey.
eral times, up and down and from
side to side. If the child can, he
is asked to stick his tongue out and
in many times—then to move jt
from side to side. The teacher may
press the lips from the sides toward
the center, preparing the child for
vowel formation. These are a few
of the many exercises which may
help the child to prepare for his
speech lesson.
The process of speech production
is necessarily slow. The teacher
must begin on the simple sounds,
Getting good vowel sounds is a big
achievement! Then, possibly, the
teacher may introduce such sounds
as “ba, ba,” “ma, ma,” and “wa,
wa.” The labials, or those sounds
formed with lips, are the easiest to
make. However, the teacher must
introduce speech sounds according
to the abilities of the child to make
them. Spastic children make sur-
prising improvement under proper
speech guidance. To achieve the
best results, speech training should
begin while the child is young, from
2 to 5 years old. Two lessons every
day are preferable to an occasional
lesson, as the spastic child needs
repetition of correct muscle forma-
tions to retrain the uninjured cen-
ters of the brain.
Every day should include some
gymnastic training, so the child will
gain better control of his muscles.
If the physical therapist is not avail-
able, the mother can do a lot to
help the child acquire agility with
his injured parts. Starting with
slow movements and increasing the
speed of these repetitive movements
will aid some. The trainer must
watch to make certain that he is not
working when the child has become
tired, as that will defeat his pur-
pose.
Breathing exercises are also help-
ful. Not over fifteen minutes al
a time should be used in these exer-
cises. If the child appears dizzy at
any time during the breathing
period, the exercise should be
stopped, as the dizziness may
frighten the child. The _ teacher
should put his hand on the child’s
stomach and ask him to breathe in
slowly—hold the breath—and let it
out slowly. This controlled breath-
ing will help the child to attain
that muscular control needed in
proper breathing.
Dr. Beckey’s next article, coming svon,
deals with problems of the child who \s
hard of hearing.—Ed.
hod
—-. — 4
GEIA
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from
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a few
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acher
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est to
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April 1942
Whooping Cough
Joins the Preventables
(Continued from page 267)
pared to many other bacteria and
are so minute that an investigator
once said, “You must almost look
your eyes out when you try to find
them.”
In 1916, a simple method of iso-
lating the germ was devised at the
Danish State Serum Institute by
Chievitz and Meyer. With the
Bordet-Gengou culture medium on
a covered dish, the surface was ex-
posed to the breath of a child with
whooping cough at the moment of
several deep, hacking coughs. On
the third day after incubation, the
liny, glistening colonies made their
appearance on the plate—a method
which remains in universal use
for early diagnosis today. Further
studies showed that the germ is
disseminated most profusely early
in the disease—days or weeks be-
fore the typical whooping cough is
heard.
Early attempts to produce whoop-
ing cough in puppies and cats were
misleading; occasionally an animal
which had been inoculated would
develop a cough, but it was found
later that the cough was caused by
distemper rather than whooping
cough. Successful experiments were
completed at the Evanston Hospital
Whooping Cough Research Labora-
tory during the period 1925 to 1927,
when whooping cough was devel-
oped in a group of baby monkeys.
Within two weeks after freshly iso-
lated cultures were inoculated into
the nostrils of 39 monkeys, a num-
ber of them were coughing severely,
especially at night, with gagging
and vomiting of mucus. The Bor-
det-Gengou bacillus was recovered
from many of the coughing ani-
mals; their blood counts showed the
changes typical for whooping cough.
Germs recovered from coughing
monkeys produced the typical dis-
ease in others, and the monkeys
were subsequently immune to over-
Whelming doses of living whooping
cough germs. Animals were sacri-
liced at the height of the disease,
and tissues of their respiratory
tracts were sectioned with the
microtome, then stained and ex-
amined under the microscope; the
site of the infection was found to
be in the finer bronchi of the lungs.
Following these animal experi-
ments, more years of study were
devoted to the development of the
vaccine which was ultimately used
in the test with the boys in the
Evanston apartment.
An earlier experiment on humans
had pointed the way to this suc-
cessful conclusion. For years,
whooping cough had been ram-
pant among the primitive fisher
families of the Faroe Islands, often
causing a high mortality—even
among adults. In 1926, Dr. Mad-
sen of Copenhagen reported the
results of his work with several
thousand Faroe Island children into
whom a whooping cough vaccine
had been injected. While this vac-
cine had failed to prevent the dis-
ease, it had resulted in a milder
form, with diminished mortality,
when given before the epidemic
started.
With Madsen’s pioneer work as
a basis, a more potent vaccine was
perfected from _ freshly isolated
germs. When grown on human
blood instead of animal blood, the
vaccine could be injected in larger
doses without any risk. Early ex-
periments with the new vaccine
were performed mostly with infants
in families where the older brothers
and sisters had not had the disease.
At first, weekly injections were
given in alternate arms for eight
successive weeks; later, the injec-
tions were given in both arms at
the same time for four successive
weeks. In recent years, the vac-
cine has been so improved that only
three injections in alternate arms
are required to develop immunity.
Unexpected obstacles arose when
the Northwestern University Medi-
‘al School of Chicago first author-
ized the commercial production of
whooping cough vaccine several
vears ago. Numerous lots of vac-
cine made in 1934 failed to protect,
and it took a year to find the reason
—the most effective concentration
is now known to be of “intermedi-
ate strength”—15,000 million bacilli
per cubic centimeter. Moreover, it
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has been demonstrated—in a study
of 1,400 infants at The Cradle in
Evanston—that whooping cough de-
velops about seven times as fre-
quently in children who are given
the injections before the third
month of life as in those whose
injections are given after the eighth
month; the younger infants appar-
ently failed to develop the power
to utilize the vaccine. It was also
found that the best and most lasting
results were obtained when the vac-
cine was injected at three week
intervals instead of weekly. Many
of the infants required three or four
months after the last injection be-
fore immunity was developed.
Results with the vaccine indicate
definitely that whooping cough can
be prevented. The importance of
this discovery to the public health
is apparent in a statement released
by the United States Public Health
Service during the early years of
the Evanston Hospital experiments:
“The deaths among little children—
those under five years of age—from
whooping cough are from 6,000 to
10,000 each year, exceeding those
from diphtheria, scarlet fever, mea-
HYGEL
sles and tuberculosis.” Before 1939
whooping cough was fatal in opp
out of every 39 afflicted childrep:
Since whooping cough is the mog
likely of all the contagious diseases
to affect the youngest members oj
the family, the physicians who pap.
ticipated in the studies always
recommend the injection of per-
tussis vaccine before other jp.
munization procedures. “Whooping
cough, like smallpox, diphtherj,
and scarlet fever,” they say, “may
be prevented if an ample dose of
potent vaccine is injected jnty
infants over seven months of age
sufficiently long before exposure
occurs. Whooping cough immuni-
zation is now on a sound basis, and
it is recommended that all childrep
be protected against this disease
during the first year of life.”
This conservative statement of
medical results is full of meaning
for the parents of children who
have escaped the disease—and- for
those whose babies are not vet
born: Medicine has demonstrated
that whooping cough can be pre.
vented in most cases, but it’s up to
the parents to effect its prevention!
Rheumatic Heart Disease
(Continued from page 271)
tant environmental factor for or
against infection. Lack of sunlight,
dampness and overcrowding must
be combated at every point. Lack
of sunlight is easily overcome ex-
cept in persistently foggy sections.
Sun bathing is a good practice if not
indulged in dampness and chilling
does not occur. It is more impor-
lant that children play normally in
homes swept with sunshine than
that they be exposed directly to
sunburn over the whole body.
Dampness brings up many angles,
of which housing is an important
one. Houses with damp or wet
cellars and walls are not proper
living quarters. Many cheap sub-
urban properties located near
creeks, as well as rows of cheaply
constructed city homes, are not con-
ducive to health. Heating
systems now in use tend to dry out
excessively many otherwise desira-
ble living quarters—this is just as
bad as dampness. An extremely
high temperature, far from answer-
good
ing the problem, simply aggravales
it. A temperature of seventy de-
grees Fahrenheit, with a reasonable
degree of moisture, makes for con-
fortable as well as healthy living
quarters if the residents are sensi-
bly dressed. All artificially heated
rooms should have some moisture
in the atmosphere but should never
be saturated. Unfortunately, ail
conditioning as practiced today fre-
quently does not take this into con
sideration; confidence in engineer
ing, however, permits the hope no!
only that this adjustment will be
adequately made but also that all
conditioning systems so_perfectel
will soon be available for homes ©!
all classes.
The universal use of heating sy’
tems has played a large part !
changing the weight and materi
of clothing. Once the fashion ©
lighter and less clothing w®
adopted, the pendulum swung !
the extreme. Children particular!
have been made to bear the brut!
st
sh
of
te
bt
sh
fo
th
OC
pe
SU
bt
of
th
th
in
th
ol
Su
in
ul
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Ww
in
fr
HYGEL
Dre 193),
l in one
‘hildren!
the Most
liseases
nbers of
who par.
always
of per:
her im.
‘hooping
phtherig
y, “may
dose of
ed into
; of age
Xposure
immuni-
isis, and
Children
disease
nent of
meaning
en who
and: for
not yel
nstrated
be pre-
’s up to
vention!
sravales
nty de-
sonable
or col
living
e sensi-
heated
roisture
d never
ly, air
lay fre-
ito con-
iginee!-
pe nol
will be
hat air
rfected
mes of
ng sys
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ung
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» brunt
April 1942
of this obeisance to fashion to such
an extent that their health is dis-
tinctly jeopardized. In younger
children the chest is often well
covered, but from the groin to the
nude. Nature is
ankle they are
poorly prepared for this sudden
chilling and in spite of the en-
thusiast’s contention that harden-
ing produces good health the real
results are lowered resistance, in-
creased metabolism and an_ in-
creased tax on the heart and heat
centers. This occurs at a_ time
when such energy could better be
expended on growth.
Children’s legs should be covered
with cotton or lisle’ stockings.
Dresses should be of knee length
and trousers of the “knickers” type.
For outdoor play in the winter, ad-
ditional garments should be looser
and without inhibition about the
hips and shoulders. For example,
virls should be dressed either in
pantaloon leggings without being
stuffed with skirts, or they should
wear leggings that come above the
knees and warm dresses without the
pantaloon. Loose fitting sweaters
are better than coats. Boys should
wear either corduroy knickers and
woolen stockings or long trousers,
with sweaters and parkas or lum-
ber jackets substituted for coats,
vests and overcoats. Stockings
should always cover the knees.
Summer months present problems
of dress that are equally important.
The popular sun-suit does not pro-
tect children sufficiently against the
burning heat rays of the sun. They
should be provided with a_ thin
covering of white cotton in the
form of a loose suit that will cover
the shoulders and the body to the
knees. When rainy or damp days
occur, parents are too prone to
permit the children to wear their
sun-suits—perhaps to save laundry
and undue exposure occurs. The
burning heat ray, if permitted, will
of itself cause a definite illness in
the child. Exposed more slowly,
the child becomes brown, and this
in turn prevents to a large extent
the beneficial penetration of an-
other ray, the ultra-violet. If direct
sun exposure is given in small but
Increasing doses, a maximum of
ultra-violet is obtained before bronz-
ing occurs. Absorption through
White clothing of cotton or rayon
Will occur even in shaded places
n suflicient quantity without harm
from the heat ray.
Many children who are ade-
quately housed and clothed at home
are sent in the summer months to
camps or to the seashore. Many
camps are located in districts where
the nights are cold and damp. Here
and at bathing beaches they are
permitted to swim or paddle and
then romp in damp bathing suits.
Playing in stagnant gullies is per-
mitted by parents who regard the
children as being out of harm’s
way. Such gullies are’ breeding
places of disease. These exposures
are predisposing causes of rheu-
matic bouts frequently seen in chil-
dren on their return to their homes
in the autumn. Education is sorely
needed to impress on families the
necessity for more careful investi-
gation of the qualifications of camp
directors and the environment of
the camps from a true health stand-
point. So great is the responsibility
of camp directors in assuming the
care of children that they should
be made to qualify by rigid exami-
nation before they are licensed to
open a camp.
There is still an impression that
by the removal of the tonsils and
adenoids rheumatic infection or
recurrences thereof can be pre-
vented. Nothing could be further
from the truth. Adequate evidence
is available to show that this pro-
cedure plays no favorable part in
the disease and that the untimely
removal of the tonsils and adenoids
has undoubtedly done more harm
than good.
The early recognition of cases is
rather difficult, because there is no
one outstanding symptom. It is
true that in most cases a competent
physician will note a change in the
quality of the heart sounds. Small
children with frequent colds and
sore throats might be sufferers.
Nosebleeds sometimes occur. The
child who tires easily, loses his
appetite, runs a little fever—who is
cross, irritable, hyperactive or what
is known as “highstrung” or “ner-
vous” deserves careful study for
rheumatic infection. Indeed, all
children in the above categories
should have medical examinations,
not once but frequently, until the
cause of their condition is definitely
established. There are other onsets
similar to typhoid fever, and in any
of the varieties there may be telltale
nodules resembling millet seeds in
the skin. In older children, joint
pains and swellings very much like
307
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Entertaining
The Convalescent Child
When says, “Don’t get up
yet” and little folks are
restless as their illness ebbs—you
will draw thankfully on this illus-
trated booklet of helpful sugges-
tions for quiet amusements. Prac-
tical ideas for inexpensive games,
cut-outs, home-made toys, etc. Se-
lected from prize letters in HYGEIA.
{0c a copy
doctor
ims CULe LLL ae
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN., 535 N. Dearborn, Chicago
—
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with
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A
the adult’s are occasionally present.
Joint pains and swelling are uncom-
mon in childhood; on the other
hand, many suffer with vague
muscular pains, commonly known
as “growing pains.” Not all such
pains are rheumatic, but they
should never be dismissed as in-
consequential until rheumatism is
completely removed from the list of
possible causes.
In some children grimaces or
twitchings of the face and eyes or
irregular twitchings of the extremi-
ties or even the entire body occur;
these are referred to as St. Vitus’
dance, or chorea. These children
may simply start by “making faces”
when excited, then become awk-
ward and drop things or, because
of tongue involvement, make mis-
takes in pronunciation. Many have
been punished for being disrespect-
ful, careless and slovenly or for try-
ing to make fun of their environ-
ment. Later, the general twitchings
begin. At least 50 per cent present
other rheumatic evidences, and still
more show heart signs at some stage
or another. These are just as much
rheumatics as those having joint
involvement.
In some children, abdominal pain
so predominates the picture that
other signs are put in the back-
ground and appendicitis may be
thought of instead of the true con-
dition. All these symptoms empha-
size the need for careful and
frequent medical checkup if the dis-
ease is to be recognized early and
heart damage prevented. This is
the crucial stage, and if these chil-
dren are to be saved from. the
ravages of heart disease, heart
crippling, invalidism and economic
loss it must be done by recognition
and treatment when any or all of
these symptoms first present them-
selves.
Should any or all these symptoms
occur it is the duty of the parents
to put the child comfortably to
bed. The family physician will
determine as quickly as practical
whether or not the child suffers
from a rheumatic infection. In the
meantime it is wise to create a
healthful environment. Fresh, warm
air in a sunny room, bed baths, no
excitement and no exertion are the
fundamental requisites. The child
should not have bathroom privi-
leges and should be taught promptly
how to use the bedpan. Should the
patient prove to have rheumatic in-
HYGEI\
fection, the physician’s prescriptiog
will be greatly aided if the impor.
tance of rest is realized and acted
on promptly and completely. |
may seem difficult at first to cop.
vince the adult that the child cay
be kept at rest without games, books
or radio. Ordinarily the acute
symptoms are soon relieved by the
physician’s treatment.
Now, as far as the future of the
child is concerned, a critical situa-
tion arises. It is no easy matter
to make parents understand that
the need for rest still exists de.
spite the fact that the patient ap-
pears to be quite himself. Even if
the adults are so convinced, they
have the problem of compelling
rest without being able to make it
clear to the child just why he must
remain quiet. It seems discourag.
ing at the time, but if rest is in-
sisted on the future is far from
gloomy. Infinite patience is needed
to carry out weeks of campaigning
for recovery.
There are guides to mark the
progress of the child’s improve-
ment. The temperature and pulse
are the most obvious. Freedom
from symptoms is important. The
physician examines the child regu-
larly for rheumatic nodules and
other symptoms. He is also guided
by a recently discovered blood test,
called the “sedimentation rate,”
which should return to normal
before the child can be considered
as being reasonably out of the
woods.
In the meantime, the important
factor of diet should not be over-
looked. Milk, green vegetables,
stewed fruit—not simply juices, and
cooked cereal with milk instead of
cream should be the backbone and
mainstay of a liberal diet. Ordi-
narily the medical treatment will
be helped best with the addition of
more carbohydrates. For this, pota-
toes, bread, cornstarch puddings,
blane mange and an occasional lolli-
pop can be given. Fats should be
kept in the background, and _ this
includes the fats in chocolate and
excessive butter. Meats and eggs
may be served but should never be
emphasized in any meal.
Rarely before the sixth week and
sometimes not before the third or
fourth month does the patient an-
swer the requirements of real qui-
escence to the internal activity 0!
the disease. When all external evi
dences of the attack are absent, the
eae
-
AY GEL
cription
- impor.
d acted
ely. It
to con.
ild can
S, books
> acute
| by the
> Of the
al situa-
matter
nd that
ists de-
ent ap-
Even if
d, they
ipelling
make it
ne must
courag-
t is in-
r from
needed
aigning
irk the
nprove-
d pulse
reedom
t. The
d regu-
es and
guided
od test,
rate,”
normal
sidered
of the
portant
p ove;r-
tables,
es, and
tead of
ne and
Ordi-
it will
tion of
‘ pota-
ddings,
al lolli-
uld be
1d this
te and
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ver be
ek and
ird or
nt an-
al qui-
rity of
al evi-
nt, the
ance
we ay Savi
April 1942
pulse and temperature normal and
the sedimentation rate normal, the
child is ready for rehabilitation.
Massage can now be instituted. It
is not necessary to engage a mas-
seur; gentle kneading of the mus-
cles of the extremities with coca-
butter is sufficient to stimulate
circulation and = partly overcome
muscular flabbiness.
Next, the patient can be lifted
out of bed and permitted a few
sleps—five or six as a beginning—
and then lifted back into bed. If
the pulse is taken before and after
this exeursion and returns to nor-
mal within two minutes of the re-
turn to bed, the exercise can be
increased gradually day after day,
with the pulse record as a guide.
If the pulse does not return to nor-
mal, a few more days of rest should
be allowed and the process started
all over again. When the patient
can walk about the bedroom he may
be permitted to get in and out of
bed by himself; this is the equiva-
lent of going up and down three to
five steps. The exercise can be
continued on a= stairway, adding
several steps each day until the first
floor is reached. The rapidity with
which the steps are increased
should be left to the judgment of
the physician, and subsequent ac-
livity should be added at his direc-
tion; he alone knows the extent of
the heart damage and can judge
how rapidly it is recovering. It is
his judgment and experience, too,
that must determine how much
exercise this organ should have to
develop its muscle tone and _ re-
serve. The child must not become
an invalid by reason of overcaution
any more than by neglecting a
weakened heart.
A general guide to the parent is
liredness. When any child becomes
lired he needs rest, and certainly
this is emphatically true of the child
convalescing from rheumatic infec-
lion. His rest should be immedi-
ale; he should lie down and relax
completely. It is not in the na-
lure of a child who has been ill
to sit down to rest for a_ suffi-
ciently long time to recuperate
completely from his activity. Rest
should be insisted on immediately
and not at some later time when it
would be more convenient to the
child’s interest or comfort. Should
the child persist in exercise after
he has become tired, the results of
the effort to make him well may be
lost. The reward of rest is a re-
freshed heart muscle, prepared for
further activity. The penalty of
fatigue is a spent heart with an
irredeemable muscle.
With this precautionary note
these children, if they have no re-
lapses, can progress to practically
all normal activities. They engage
in the sports compatible with their
years, with the exception of swim-
ming. These children must follow
the laws of hygiene already mapped
out for the prevention of rheumatic
bouts. It should be self evident that
only the physician can pass judg-
ment on the rapidity of increase in
activities.
Fortunate is the child
home environment will permit the
complete performance of this pro-
gram. Hospitalization is necessary
for many sufferers. Hospitals for
the acutely ill should not be bur-
dened with these patients after the
acute symptoms have subsided; a
properly managed heart hospital
or convalescent home will be
equipped to take care of these chil-
dren until they are completely
quiescent. Here they are started
on their graduated exercises. As
soon as they are truly ambulatory
they can be returned to their family
physicians or referred to a properly
equipped children’s cardiac out-
patient clinic. For the most part,
public health departments, which
should lead in the endeavor, have
ignored this duty; the time has
come when they should be awak-
ened from their lethargy.
It is apparent that rheumatic in-
fection, while it is ushered in with
an acute onset, is essentially a long,
drawn out and more or less chronic
ailment, similar in these respects to
tuberculosis. No one can set an
exact date when a patient can be
called cured. On the other hand,
with prompt care and enduring
patience these children and _ their
hearts can be returned to normal,
and they can assume their place in
competition with their more fortu-
nate contemporaries. That so many
have failed to do so in the past is
due to a lack of realization of the
need for rest in the early stages
and painstaking patience in the
follow-up management to meet the
needs of each individual case.
When this lesson has been generally
learned, the mortality and mor-
bidity of heart disease in children
will drop from first place among
the destructive forces in childhood
to the level of tuberculosis.
whose
309
HAVING A BABY?
Regular
I
to
vitamin
good teeth and sound p!
<
t
«
medical
yregnancy is vitally imy
our doctor can regu
provide minerals
content s essent
care during
levelopment in the
Ask his advice
m feeding infant
aby
SAFER because
easier to clean!
Witte A\
Don’t let baby wear outgrown shoes. The
X-Ray shows what happens. Baby feet grow
very fast. Better get the correct but inex-
pensive WEE WALKERS and change to a
larger size often.
WEE WALKERS are America’s most popu-
lar baby shoes. More babies wear them than
any other brand. Thousands of doctors pre-
scribe them because they are soft, flexible
and correctly shaped, yet cost so much less
you can afford a larger size often. Ask your
baby doctor. See WEE WALKERS... com-
pare them...in Infants’ Department of
these low-profit stores. Birth to size 10.
W. T. Grant Co. S. S. Kresge Co. J. J. Newberry Co.
H.L. Green Co. Chartes Stores Co. G. R. Kinney Co.
Metropolitan Chain Stores, Inc. 1. Silver & Bros.
McCrory Stores Schuilte-United F.& W. Grand
Pair FREE to Doctors. So you may observe Wee
Walkers in actual use, please specify size on pre
scription blank. No obligation. Address Moran
Shoe Co., Dept. H, Carlyle, Ill
WALKERS
# BABY FOOT in WEE WALKERS
bad habits
a
IN GOOD BABIES
Covers “a multitude of
sins.”’ Illustrated
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN
ARS N
Dearborn (? ix
16 PAGES
15 CENTS
Reg. U.S
Pat. OF
RATTLES AND DOLLS for the ‘
and amusement. Made of non-inflammable gen ke
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Send for free illustrated pamphiet and srall
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TYKIE TOY COMPANY Piqua, Ohio
310
Seeing Is Believing
(Continued from page 273)
glorified by a combination of light
and color.
School children have been asked
what they like best and include
among their favorites:
“I liked the skeleton best. He was
very ugly. I liked the bone faces
they had on. The _ skeleton was
very dead looking.”
“I enjoyed that woman’s head
kinds of
when it
with the five different
teeth. I liked it more
changed teeth.”
“I liked the skeleton, the hands
of the doctors, where you test your
eyes, your ears and breath, and how
much blood you have to have.”
By way of contrast, certain dis-
plays deliberately feature detailed
results of neglect. An exhibit in the
“Hand Room” portrays an infected
cut so vividly that visitors have ex-
claimed: “That looks so real, it
hurts.”
In another room, “Man’s Head,”
our brain, nervous system and five
senses are featured. Inner details
of a large ear are magnified to show
how we balance as well as hear
through our ears. Visitors find out
for themselves how far and how
fast they can see, how we taste with
the tongue, smell through the nose,
and how the nose works as an arti-
ficial air conditioning unit—warm-
ing, cleaning and moistening the
air we breathe.
The “House of Safe Maternity” is
an example of a room featuring a
special subject. Correct mother
and child care are suggested, and
embryonic development and growth
are traced through actual speci-
mens. Junior high school students,
girl scouts, and expectant fathers
and mothers come to see the real
“facts of life.’ In the room on
“Defense,” visitors measure eye-
sight, weight and height, test respi-
ration and compare their records
with army requirements posted
nearby. Death and birth statistics
are recorded on a large ledger in
the “Cleveland Room” under the
legend, “Human Bookkeeping.”
Amounts of money spent by typical
Cleveland families for lodging, food,
recreation and other items = are
flashed on a huge dollar. “Progress
in Medicine” is a series of illumi-
nated miniatures including early
instruments to diagnose cancer, a
modern operating room, a barber-
surgeon of medieval times, and ex-
hibits of diseased and healthy lungs.
The “Dental Room,” through use of
colored transparencies and moy-
ing exhibits, traces dental history,
shows the progression and suggests -
methods for the avoidance of dental
decay.
Loan exhibits are much in de-
mand by voluntary health agencies
and by public and private schools
in Cleveland and the suburbs. As
one of the functions of the Museum
is to advance knowledge as well as
disseminate it, it has participated
in scientific exhibits such as those
of the American Medical Associa-
tion, the American Dental Associ-
ation, American Public Health
Association, the Association for
Military Surgeons and the Ohio
Valley Conference of Coordination
and Defense. Exhibits at several
county and state fairs have done
much to focus rural interest on the
institution. At one fair about 7,500
people tested their lung capacity
and “blowing power” on the Mu-
seum’s “Vitalometer.”
Rotating and seasonal exhibits
constantly furnish something new.
Typical rotating exhibits have been
those on “Teeth of the Quintuplets,”
“Pneumonia” and “Every Town Has
Its Quack Racket” (venereal dis-
ease). Seasonal exhibits such as
that on “Health in the Summer,”
covering phases of allergy and hay
fever, and the cancer exhibit dis-
played during National Cancer
Week add timeliness to educational
activities.
In addition to exhibits, the Mu-
seum lends demonstration material
such as lantern slides, sound and
silent motion pictures to business
clubs, fraternities, medical and par-
ent teacher classes. Such material
includes films on “Man and His
Health” and “Moving X-ray,” and
slides on “Health in the Making”
and “A Trip Through the Health
Museum.”
HYGEIA
The daily pollen count during the
summer months started in 1940 and
was continued this year by popular
request. Designed to inform hay
fever sufferers, the count was made
with the cooperation of the Bac-
teriology Department of Western
Reserve University. Figures were
released from early August through
September to newspapers and radio
stations. Clevelanders went so far
as to postpone trips to other cities
when their pollen counts’ were
known to be higher. One woman
wrote that she would not leave her
air-conditioned room during the
ragweed season unless the Museum
count showed it was safe to go out-
doors.
Expectant .mothers’ classes held
in the Museum are _ increasingly
popular. Conducted on a weekly
basis last season, they are now held
semi-weekly. Proper care of the
mother during pregnancy and care
of the infant are presented by
trained members of the Child
Health Association. Museum models
show all phases of the development
of the embryo. The dozen card
tables set up in the lecture hall are
not for playing bridge, but for the
future mother to use in learning
and practicing how to make dainty
togs for tiny tots.
To aid Clevelanders in obtaining
specific health information, the Mu-
seum in cooperation with the
Bureau of Health Education of the
American Medical Association con-
ducts a question and answer box.
Results prove that even nowadays
too few people visit or talk to doc-
tors, largely because of embarrass-
ment or fear. To date, over 2,000
questions have been answered by
the American Medical Association.
Questions on skin diseases head the
list. A typical one concerns appear-
ance. “What would cause rough,
broken out skin on the face of a
single girl 26 years old?” Questions
on nutrition, including foods, diet,
vitamins and what to do aboul
overweight and underweight are
not far behind. Questions on can-
cer and tuberculosis headed _ the
group on specific diseases, which
also included cholera, diphtheria,
leprosy, colds, measles and infantile
paralysis. Others concern sex edu-
cation, venereal diseases, maternal
health, diseases of the nervous sys-
tem, insanity, eyes, ears, nose and
throat. Occasionally questions con-
tain conscious or unconscious hu-
mor. “If a man is crosseyed on
iris
GEIA
ig the
0 and
Pular
| hay
made
Bac-
‘stern
were
‘Ough
radio
O far
Cities
were
oman
e her
the
seum
» Out-
held
ingly
eekly
held
' the
care
| by
child
ocdels
ment
card
l are
r the
‘ning
ainty
ning
» Mu-
the
r the
con-
box.
days
doc-
rass-
2,000
| by
tion.
| the
year-
ugh,
of a
ions
diet,
bout
are
can-
the
hich
eria,
ntile
edu-
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SYS-
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jpril 1942
both eyes; has bad teeth, and
smokes like a_ railroad’ engine,
would he be taken into the Army
through the draft?” And also:
“What is Hygeia? How can it be
cured?”
The fact that the Museum is the
first permanent health museum in
America open free to the public has
attracted wide interest. A series of
weekly articles written by doctors
and prepared through the coopera-
tion of the Academy of Medicine
has appeared on the editorial page
of a Cleveland paper under the
sponsorship of the Museum. These
articles included subjects such as
“Aspects of Present Day Surgery,”
“The Heart,” “Safe Maternity” and
“What Is Back of Cleveland’s Health
Record.” Since August 1941, “With-
in the Health Museum,” a column
devoted exclusively to Museum arti-
cles and news notes, has appeared.
regularly in Sunday issues.
When the $45,000 pitching hand
of genial Bob Feller, star pitcher
for the Cleveland Indians, was cast
in plaster at the Museum, photo-
graphs of the event popped up in
papers throughout the country, as
well as in window displays of news
picture syndicates.
As the staff is small, the Women’s
Auxiliary of the Academy of Medi-
cine has furnished many guides and
hostesses. Groups that tour the
Museum come from _ public and
private junior and_ senior high
schools in the city and suburbs,
hospitals, sororities, cosmetology
schools, Boy Scout organizations,
welfare and literary associations,
citizenship classes, day nurseries
and boys clubs—literally from
every stratum of society. Despite
its widespread activity, the Museum
is not subsidized by the city,
county, state or federal govern-
ment, but is maintained entirely by
membership and private subscrip-
tion.
In a year’s time, Cleveland Health
Museum has grown from infancy—
an idea in health education—to a
lusty yearling known nationally
and commented on as far away as
Argentina, Hawaii and South Africa.
Functioning as a clearing house to
Present established and newly dis-
covered medical facts in an accu-
rate but popular style, the Museum
is now approaching health educa-
lion in industry, a natural trend for
« fully established institution in an
industrial city such as Cleveland.
THIRTY MILLION AMERICANS go to the hospital every
year either as patients or visitors. That they become
intensely interested in the men and women who work
in the hospital is indicated in the hundreds of questions
hospital attendants must answer daily: Waho’s that man?
What is he doing? Where is he going? Where has he been?
NO DOUBT ABOUT IT—the “men in white” remain a
fascinating mystery for most people!
“DOCTORS AT WORK”
Weekly broadcast presented by the American Medical Association
and the National Broadcasting Company, is your opportunity to
learn what doctors are doing, and at the same time to enjoy an
exciting half-hour of drama every Saturday afternoon!
5 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, 4 p.m. Central S. T
3 p.m. Mountain Standard Time, 2 p.m. Pacific S. T.
Get Program Details from Your Local NBC Station
CALIFORNIA
Los Angeles
HEIMANN &
(2 Stores
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FRANKLIN
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FRANKLIN
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FRANKLIN
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SYMONDS-ATKINSON OPTIC
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CHAS. M. BANKS OPTICAL CO.
MONROE
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Ask any Guild Optician for
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Guild Opticians
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Washington
EDMONDS, OPTICIAN (2
FRANKLIN & CO
HUFFER-SHINN OPTICAL
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GEORGIA
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Chicago
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KENTUCKY
Louisville
THE BALL OPTICAL CO.
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(2 Stores)
MUTH OPTICAL CO
MARYLAND
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BOWEN & KING,
D. HARRY
ALFRED A. EUKER
MASSACHUSETTS
Boston
CHILDS, CARL O
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CHARLES J. HART
EDWARD W. HELDT
MONTGOMERY FROST CO.
(8 Stores)
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Stores)
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INC.
CHAMBERS, INC
ANDREW J. LIOYD COMPANY
(3 Stores)
HENRY O. PARSONS
PINKHAM & SMITH CO.
POLLARD, RALPH L.
Cambridge
ANDREW J. LLOYD COMPANY
Greenfield
SCHAFF,
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CLARKE, ALBERT L
THE HARVEY & LEWIS CO
Waltham
BENNET R.
Woburn
ARTHUR K. SMITH
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JOHN C
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(2 Stores)
ERKER BROS. OPTICAL CO.
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Camden
E. F. BIRBECK CO
J. E. LIMEBURNER CO
PELOUZE & CAMPBELL
(2 Stores)
East Orange
ANSPACH BROS.
H. C. DEUCHLER
Elizabeth
BRUNNER’S
Englewood
HOFFRITZ,
Hackensack
HOFFRITZ & PETZOLD
Jersey City
WILLIAM H,. CLARK
Montclair
STANLEY M.
MARSHALL,
Morristown
JOHN L.
Newark
ANSPACH BROS.
KEEGAN, J. J.
REISS, J. C.
CHARLES STEIGLER
EDWARD ANSPACH
Paterson
COLLINS, J. E
Plainfield
GALL & LEMBKE
Summit
ANSPACH BROS
H. C. DEUCHLER
Unien City
ARTHUR VILLAVECCHIA
Westfield
BRUNNER’'S
NEW YORK
Babylon
PICKUP & BROWN,
Bronxville
SCHOENIG & CO.,
Buffalo
BUFFALO OPTICAL CO. (2 Stores)
GIBSON & DOTY
FORREST OPTICAL CO. ,
FRANK & LESSWING OPT. CO.
cal
FRED G.
CROWELL CO.
RALPH E.
BROWN
INC.
INC.
}| SEE it through!
PRECHTEL OPTICAL CO
SCHLAGER & SCHLAGER
FOX & STANILAND, INC.
(2 Stores)
URSIN-SMITH GUILD OPTICIANS
VANDERCHER
Kenmore
BUFFALO OPTICAL CO
GIBSON & DOTY
New Rochelle
BATTERSON, JOHN P
D. New York City
be LUGENE, INC. (2 Stores)
s EDWARD J. BOYES
: E. B. MEYROWITZ, INC.
‘Sy § Stores)
a PRYXELL & HILL
HARTINGER, EDWARD T
Pr A HAUSTETTER, INC.
ra HOAGLAND, J. 8
4 LAIRMONT & NICHOLS CO
GALL & LEMBKE
[TCHISON & CO
IARTER & PARSONS
L. PURDY, INC
“CHOENIG & CO., ING
‘ Brooklyn
3 BADGLEY, H. C
ms B. MEYROWITZ, INC
/OUDIET, ERNEST A.
H. PENNY, INC
\. M. SHUTT
R. TEDESCO
Hempstead
WALTER SEE
maica, L. I.
HANSEN, JOHN
Port Chester
. CO. 7 \. E. REYNOLDS
aig
Stores)
ee
Rochester
WILLIAM J. HICKEY
WHELPLEY & PAUL
WALDERT OPTICAL CO
Schenectady
DAY, JAMES E
OWEN OPTICAL COMPANY
Syracuse
CARPENTER & HUGHES
CLOVER-WHITE OPT. CO
EDWARD HOMMEL & SONS
Troy
WILLIA MS—OPTICIAN
Watertown
ROBERT L. MEADE
White Plains
JOSEPH E. KELLY
CLAIRMONT & NICHOLS CO
SAMUEL PEYSER
Yonkers
PROFESSIONAL OPTICAL SHOP
OHIO
Cincinnati
ETTER BROTHERS
KOHLER & CO
SOUTHERN OPTICAL CO
Cleveland
E. B. BROWN OPTICAL CO
HABERACKER OPTICAL CO
REED & McAULIFFE, IN‘
HENRY J. PORTER
OREGON
Portland
MOOR, HAL H
PENNSYLVANIA
Allentown
L. F. GOODIN
Ardmore
WALL & OCHS
WINFIELD DONAT CO
(RR RS IAN PIS NE mS ENON
See an Eye Physician ... Have your Prescription for Glasses filled by a Guild Optician,
Bethlehem
PRICE, WILLIAM H
Bryn Mawr
J. E. LIMEBURNER CO
Erie
HESS BROS
WILLIAM J. MAGAY CO
E. K. MEYERS
ERIE OPTICAL CO
Harrisburg
WALL & OCHS
Jenkintown
WINFIELD DONAT CO
J. E. LIMEBURNER CO
Norristown
J. E. LIMEBURNER CO
Philadelphia
JOSEPH C. FERGUSON, JR
WALL & OCHS (3 Stores
DOYLE & BOWERS
4. W. BRAEUNINGER, IN‘
WILLIAMS, BROWN & EARLE, IN‘
JOHN W. CLEARY
SIGISMUND
BONSCHUR & HOLMES, IN‘
J. E. LIMEBURNER CO 28
FELDENS & KIENLE
WILLIAM J. SCOTT, IN‘
KEENE & CO
FRANK A. MORRISON
MULLEN & WOLF
MULLER & FENTON
BENDER & OFF
WILLIAM 8. REILLY
WELSH & DAVIS
STREET, LINDER & PROPERT
WILLIAM M
THE WM. F
WEBER SONS
REIMOLD CO
WINFIELD DONAT CO. (2 Stores
JOSEPH ZENTMAYER
Pittsburgh
GEO. B. REED & CO
ae
Af
=a
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This tremendous war of production demands all-out effort on the part of
every American! And, remember, no matter what your job, or where your
post of duty, good vision is your first essential weapon. Without it, all tasks
are slowed down, made more difficult, less efhcient. Furthermore, neglect
makes your priceless eyes prematurely old.
Why sabotage your sight? Those painful, exasperating headaches, stomach
upsets, jumpy nerves, are frequently caused by eyestrain.
Complacency is unwise, dangerous! Your own family doctor will advise you,
if he deems it necessary, to consult an Eye Physician ( Ophthalmologist). If Glasses
are prescribed, he will recommend that they be ground and fitted by a Guila
Optician... This perfect co-ordination of service assures you expert medical car
—and the accurate Glasses your eyes deserve.
DAVIDSON & CO
DUNN-SCOTT CO
GEO. W HAAS, IN¢
I K. ELLIOTT CO
I J]. MALONEY
CHARLES F. O’'HANLA)
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I. E. LIMEBURNER Cf
West Chester
WINFIELD DONA
Wilkinsburg
DAVIDSON & CO
NORTH CAROLINA
Fayetteville
McBRYDE'S—O
SOUTH C
Charleston
CROW! Oop ( GAT
SUCCESSOR
VIRGINIA
Norfolk f
E. E. BURHA)? 0 0., INC
WASHINGTON 1
Seattle
ROLINA
CANADA
Montreal
BARIL & STRATH
R. N. TAYLOR &
Ottawa, Ontario
SUTHERLAND & PA
Toronto
FRED SHORNEY, LTD
ad a « WILLIAMS
Vancouver, B. C
HALE OPTICAL CO LTD
Winnipeg, Manitoba
RAMSAY, ROBERT 8
TEACHING HEALTH
Carl Berger
PARENT -TEACHER
RELATIONSHIPS
IN SCHOOL HEALTH
By GEORGE W. WATSON
FEW DAYS AGO I picked up a
textbook entitled “Our Chang-
ing Social Order.” It was intended
primarily for students of senior
high school age, and it seemed
peculiarly appropriate that an au-
thor should take this subject for
development, particularly at a time
when we find ourselves in a topsy-
turvy world with changes occurring
almost too rapidly for us to develop
new methods. It seemed especially
fitting to me that educators should
in some way at least try to give
our young people tools with which
to meet their ever changing prob-
lems.
The task of fitting the oncoming
generations with appropriate tools
is not alone that of the teacher. It
must be partially shouldered by par-
ents; in fact it must be a voluntary
partnership if it is to be a success.
Parent and teacher must have the
wholehearted support and respect
of each other if the desired result
is to be obtained. This applies of
course to the whole process of edu-
cation but is especially true of that
most fundamental of all procedures,
health teaching. Personally, I can-
not conceive of proper health teach-
ing as a classroom routine in which
perhaps a hundred minutes a week
are consumed in dismal repetition
of stodgy rules. I think of health
education as a twenty-four hour a
day, three hundred and sixty-five
day a year performance, wherein
mistakes will be made and cor-
rected but where progress can defi-
nitely be demonstrated, not so much
by the accumulation of rules but by
the evident robust character of the
HYGE!\
learner and his acceptance in good
spirit of those few fundamentals
on which physical and mental
health are built.
We find ourselves living in an
age of specialists. Each of us has
some definite job which we do at
least comparatively better than our
neighbor. This applies to our
means of obtaining a_ livelihood,
However, nearly all of us have one
task in common, that of rearing or
helping to rear children. It matters
not whether we are parents or
teachers, we have a definite task cut
out for us, and we will never find
ourselves in deeper or more dan-
gerous water than when we begin
the health education program. There
are few of us who have not had
some rather odd training as chil-
dren, and the mere fact that some
highly respected parent or teacher
set up certain precepts oftentimes
makes us adhere to them even
though deep within us we believe
them to be wrong or at best in-
effectual. We should therefore make
every effort to acquaint ourselves
with the latest and most acceptable
practices before we undertake the
training of either our own children
or the children of others. We
should also firmly resolve that we
will thoroughly and open-mindedly
examine and study the efforts of
either parents or teachers before
condemning them. While a portion
of any program, examined alone,
may seem far from practical, if the
entire schedule is examined and
tested an entirely different con-
clusion may be reached. Several
years ago, I was approached by a
good friend with a small daughter
who seemingly took an undue inter-
est in matters pertaining to sex.
She was especially interested in the
process of reproduction, and while
the mother was adequately fitted
both by training and by experience
in the field of applied genetics
efficiently to explain the process to
an older child, she found herself
at a complete loss when faced with
the questions of a 5 year old. After
sarefully studying the little girl and
having a long talk with her, I sug-
gested to the mother that she ob-
tain a few guppies and allow the
child to watch them in the bowl.
These small fish are peculiar in
that their young are born alive
without going through the usual
egg stage common to the fishes of
our lakes and streams. After watcli-
GE!
good
Ntals
ental
Nn an
> has
lo at
1 Our
our
100d,
> One
1g Or
itters
$ or
Kk cut
find
dan-
ye gin
here
had
chil-
ome
cher
imes
even
lieve
in-
nake
Ives
able
the
lren
We
we
edly
; of
fore
tion
one,
the
and
on-
eral
7 ¢
c
iter
ter-
seX.
the
hile
ted
nce
fics
; to
self
‘ith
ter
ind
ug-
ob-
the
wl.
in
ive
ual
of
rhe
ing these fish and being given a
cmall amount of instruction, the
child was ready for the facts con-
cerning human reproduction. Natu-
rally, we held several serious con-
ferences and carefully adjusted our
material to the level of this ex-
tremely intelligent little girl, but
care was taken to make sure that
nothing bordering on fairy tale
methods was employed and_ that
other and later problems would be
brought to us in the trusting man-
ner of this first momentous one.
The happy result was that this
child, now 11 years old, is normal
both as to interests and knowledge;
she is confident that she can go to
her mother with any baffling prob-
lem which may arise, and she is
also taking the first step toward
future effective parenthood by gain-
ing confidence in herself and her
ability to conduct herself with a
minimum of uncertainty.
[ feel that this example includes
certain phases of both physical and
mental health education and is a
splendid instance of parent-teacher
cooperation. Our results could have
been practically nil had the parent
failed.
I have been asked many times at
what age certain phases of the
health education program’ should
begin and what part parents should
play at these various points. Need
for education and assimilative pow-
ers vary just as greatly among chil-
dren as do height, weight, appetite,
hair color or any other evident
characteristic. While this little girl
was ready for rather advanced sex
instruction at 5 years of age, I have
known other children of just as
high a degree of intellectual capa-
bility, and even more advanced
physically, who evidenced little if
any interest until they were per-
haps 10 years old. This is also true
of their learning of certain gym-
nastics or games. Of course, cer-
tain games are played most often by
children of certain ages, but the
proficiency shown will vary greatly,
and frequently the child of 10 is no
better a swimmer or dancer or ball
player than his small brother of 5.
lt would therefore seem practical
that we lay down no hard and fast
seneral rules and expect them to
apply to all cases but that we, as
parents and teachers, take each case
and carefully analyze it, making
sure that we do not allow ourselves
lo be influenced by the fact that
the child is ours or that we are
especially interested in it. In other
words, we must take a thoroughly
scientific attitude in order that we
shall make no mistakes which might
offset our efforts and perhaps result
in failure. If we try to make pro-
fessional athletes of all children we
are doomed to certain disappoint-
ment, just as surely as we should
be if we tried to develop each
child into a concert pianist. It
simply can’t be done, and the
sooner we realize that every child
—including our own—has certain
limits beyond which he cannot pass
the happier we are going to be
with reasonable proficiency and
accomplishment, whether it is in
some phase of health and physical
education or in some of the purely
academic pursuits.
A few years ago, it was called to
my attention that a certain school
board member in a little town near
my home had asked a young athletic
director to give special attention to
his son in order that the boy might
later attain prominence on_ the
school basketball team. While the
desire of the father was admirable
to the extent that he wished his son
to enjoy privileges and experiences
which had been denied to him as a
boy, he failed to take into account
that the child had both a physical
and a mental makeup that definitely
obviated any possibility of his ever
becoming an even mediocre athlete.
In fact, the child’s limitations in
the field of athletics were so marked
and evident that the father was un-
thinkingly wishing a hardship on
his son by asking an_ obligated
coach to attempt to train him. Had
this father not been so wrapped up
in his son’s future he would have
seen that interclass competition was
the limit. He should have encour-
aged only sufficient training to meet
this lesser requirement, and not so
much that the boy was. over-
whelmed with rules and drills to
the point of losing self esteem. I
have little doubt that this boy’s in-
ability to become a prominent ath-
lete in accordance with his family’s
desire has been a determining fac-
tor in his failure to attain reason-
able prominence in other school
activities in which he_ exhibited
above average ability. Parent-
teacher cooperation was definitely
needed here. Had any one asked
either the parent or the teacher in-
volved whether they were cooper-
Second Revision—1941
A GUIDE FOR TEACHERS
IN ELEMENTARY AND
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
AND INSTITUTIONS FOR
TEACHER EDUCATION.
VALUABLE illustrative
units of work contributed by
teachers and_ supervisors
throughout the country.
BUILT of such pertinent
working material as: Trends
in Health Problems What
the Schools Can Do Facts
All Teachers Should Know
Relating to Child Growth and
Development Facts Re-
lating to the Protection and
Improvement of Child Health
: Plans and Policies of
School Administration
Learning Situations:
esses of Meeting Them
Learning Situations: Activi-
ties, Materials Reports
of Learning Experiences.
368 pages Cloth bound
534 x 9 $1.50 postpaid
Reductions for quantities.
Proc-
By the Join?
Committee on
Health Problems
in Education of
the National
Education Asso-
ciation and the
American Medi
cal Association
with the Coop
eration of Ad-
visory Commit
= —— tees
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago
316
Has your child heart trouble, asthma.
diabetes, nephritis ?
He may lead a normal life, grow strong
and learn in the sunshine at
La Loma Feliz
SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA
Ina M. Richter, Med. Dir.
John A. Robinson, Senior Master.
Schools and Camps for Exceptional
Children
FAIRFIELD HALL
A school for the Correction of Speech Defects
such as stammering, stuttering, lisping, cleft-
palate, foreign accent; voice disorders and speech
development. For children and adults. Resident
ind day schgol. Monthly registration. Write fo:
hooklet.
Wm. R. VAN LOAN, Director
100 Strawberry Hill Stamford, Conn.
sunennnuanisnnaie TTT)
Home and school tor
Beverly Farm, Ince tervous “and backwaro
children and adults. Successful, social and educational
adjustments. Occupational therapy. Dept. for birth
injury cases. Healthfully situated on 220-acre tract, 1
hr. from St. Louis 7 well-equipped buildings, gym-
nasium. 44th year. Catalog. Groves Blake Smith,
M.D., Supt., Boz H, Godfrey, IIl.
@ TROWBRIDGE TRAINING SCHOOL @
Home school for nervous. backward children. ** Best in the
West.’’ Beautiful buildings. Spacious grounds. Experienced
teachers, Individual supervision. Resident physician. Enro
ment limited. Endorsed by physicians. educators. Booklet
E. Haydn Trowbridge. M.D.,1210 Brvant Bidg..Kansas Citv,Mo,
HEALTH PLAYS
Reprinted from HYGEIA
The School Lunch Room.—11 to
20 characters; time, 15 minutes.
Set of 10 copies, 45 cents. Single
copy, 10 cents.
The Medicine Men.—A_ puppet
play 7 characters; time, 10
minutes. Set of 7 copies, 30
cents. Single copy, 5 cents.
Sissy.—4 characters; time, 15
minutes. Set of 4 copies, 25
cents Single copy, 10 cents.
The Gift a King Accepts.—15
characters. Set of 15 copies,
$1.10. Single copies, 10 cents
each.
The Magic Fluid (Diphtheria
Antitoxin).—8 characters, with
chorus, ‘“‘king’s subjects,’ etc.
Set of 8 copies, 35 cents. Single
copies, 10 cents each.
535 North Dearborn Street CHICAGO
ating, the answer would most
certainly have been “yes.” The
facts are that a_ selfish parental
motive was influencing a timid and
worried employee to the _ point
where he dared not think! This
young coach wes sufficiently intelli-
gent to realize that the boy didn’t
stand a chance of becoming an
athlete but that if he didn’t do the
father’s bidding he would be hunt-
ing a new job the next year. As
a matter of fact he was anyhow,
since the disappointed board mem-
ber wasn’t satisfied with his son’s
progress and decided that a new
coach might turn the trick!
Not only should we have definite
parent-teacher cooperation, but we
should have a mutual appreciation
of the part played by each in the
production of a well rounded
youngster. There is a_ decided
difference between duty and true
artistry in child rearing. Many of
us consider that when a duty is
performed, all has been accom-
plished that can be desired. The
Biblical exhortation to “go the sec-
ond mile” was never more appli-
cable than in the teaching of
children, both at home and in
school. Teachers are. teachers
mainly because they love to teach,
and parents in the true sense are
equally sincere. Both want a
finished product that will be a
credit to their efforts. Greatest
advance is sought in intellectual
pursuits, but we have been taught,
and rightly, that mental and physi-
cal superiority go hand in hand, so
we must be on the alert for new
methods of health teaching and
physical education. We can do this
teaching successfully only on a
cooperative basis, with both parents
and teachers taking a definite part.
It would therefore seem that
training in how to be a wise par-
ent is just as important as prepa-
ration toward becoming an efficient
teacher. No true teacher takes one
course and allows that to end his
training; neither will the wise par-
ent permit himself to find other
pursuits so pressing that he is un-
able to learn and practice the newer
precepts of parenthood. If either
relaxes his efforts he will find him-
self outmoded and ineffectual. We
must remember that the children
we are teaching have never ex-
perienced the world of our own
childhood; they know only those
things which they have observed
during their short span of life.
HYGEIA
Naturally, they can and will profit
by our experiences, but only as we
are able to analyze them. Coopera-
tion between parents and teachers
is especially desirable here, since
-ach will see a somewhat different
side of the child and together they
can form a composite picture of
his requirements. They can thus
determine with a minimum chance
of error just what the health needs
of the child are. They can decide
whether or not an effort toward the
development of superior athletic
ability is desirable, or whether such
effort should be discouraged. They
‘an discuss the dietary situation
and recreational tendencies and
facilities. The child’s interest in
books and music and his choice of
friends should be studied; thus a
united front can be presented thal
will impress the child and tend to
gain the desired effect with a mini-
mum of disciplinary action.
It is not necessary for parents or
teacher to be dogmatic in their de-
mands, but they must be united if
they are to prevent the tendency of
the child to search for a way oul.
Pleasure is momentary to a child:
the green apple gives temporary
pleasure, and a ride on the bumper
of a moving automobile gives a
temporary thrill; there is no thought
of the terrible stomach ache or the
broken arm or leg. Parents and
teachers are not cruel or heartless
when they call a halt to these prac-
tices. When the child presents his
alibi, as he almost invariably will, a
statement by Mother that Mr. Brown
was absolutely right in correcting
Johnny for hooking a ride on the
way to school, or mention hy Mr.
Brown that Mother’s ideas on menu
arrangement are splendid, will show
the intelligent youngster that he
‘an hope for no sympathy from
either and should submit to mature
judgment.
It may be a little difficult at times
to support a teacher when your
child is begging with that wishful
expression known to most of us,
but if we break over we invariably
make it harder to refuse the next
time. This is especially true in the
matter of diet. When parent and
teacher agree that a certain policy
is best, then it is up to each to
support the other. We must take
time to become acquainted, not on
the battlefield of parent-teacher dis-
agreement concerning a punishment
but in the quiet, cooperative atmos
phere of a friendly visit.
EIA
rofit
; We
era-
hers
ince
rent
they
of
thus
ince
Peds
cide
the
letic
such
‘hey
tion
and
| in
e of
IS a
that
1 to
lini-
s or
dle-
d if
y of
oul.
ild:
rary
)per
s:*
ight
the
and
less
rac-
his
Il, a
ywn
ting
the
Mr.
enu
1OW
he
rom
lure
mes
our
iful
us,
bly
ext
the
and
licy
to
ake
on
dlis-
ent
}OS-
April 1942
BOOKS ON HEALTH
Start Today Your Guide to
Physical Fitness
By C. Ward Crampton. Cloth. Price,
£1.75. Pp. 224. New York: A. S. Barnes
and Company, 1941.
This book is intended for every
one concerned with physical fitness.
This means the doctor, the gym
teacher, the army officer, the sol-
dier, sailor and marine, as well as
the man on the street. The exer-
cises described and illustrated are
tough, and the author warns that
these should not be used until the
candidate has been medically certi-
fied as being physically sound even
though not physically fit in the mod-
ern sense.
The book is written in a snappy
stvle that will appeal to many read-
ers, and it is unfortunate that many
statements smack of faddism, while
at the same time there are warn-
ings against being fooled by fad-
dism. Examples of this are the
warning to consume milk “while it
is alive,’ and the classifying of
canned foods as dead food—a favor-
ite dodge of the food faddist. For
the discriminating reader with
sound basic health knowledge, the
book will give good advice on vari-
ous exercises that can be used at
home
F P. A. TESCHNER, M.D.
Out of the Test Tube
By Harry N. Holmes. Cloth. Price, $3.
+ mi New York: Emerson Books, Inc.,
The repeated editions of this
volume indicate that it has made a
place for itself in the literature of
science for the public. The field of
chemistry was first extended to a
public audience by the early contri-
butions of Slosson. Since the death
of Slosson the contributions of Pro-
fessor Holmes have done much to
keep our public abreast of this field.
He has written on the vitamins and
is also the author of several text-
books on chemistry. In the present
edition there is a section on stra-
tegic raw materials. Here for the
interested reader is fascinating in-
formation concerning new elements
and modern products like rayon
and nylon. Here also are the new
contributions of modern physics to
modern chemistry, the story of the
cyclotron, of uranium and atom
smashing. The illustrations, which
are mostly line drawings, seem
obsolete for a book as modern as
this one. ;
M. F.
By Robert J. H. Kiphuth. Cloth. Price,
$1. Illustrated. Pp. 107. New York:
A. S. Barnes and Company, 1942.
Addition to the Barnes Dollar
Sports Library of new books on
swimming, field hockey, ice hockey
and soccer brings to mind the previ-
ous publications in this series
covering everything from six-man
football to bait casting—each writ-
ten by a well known coach or
player whose views are authorita-
live in his field. Thus Mr. Kip-
huth, coach of the spectacularly
successful swimming team at Yale
University, develops the history
of swimming as a_ competitive
sport, lists the physical equipment
necessary for the aspiring con-
tender and the mechanical aids
which the coach will find helpful
in bringing out potential abilities,
outlines the fundamentals of vari-
ous swimming styles and the more
elaborate technics of starting, turn-
ing, sprinting and other competitive
specialties, and concludes with de-
tailed suggestions on training and
conditioning swimmers.
Obviously, these books are not in-
tended for the casual reader who
317
Have you ever used
— Tampons?
Tampons are no mystery these
days. Every month more and
more women discover the won-
derful freedom of internal san-
itary protection. But in choos-
ing a tampon, make sure it’s
truly modern, scientifically cor
rect. Only Meds—the new and
improved Modess tampons —
have the “‘safety center.”
Safety Center ?
Whats that ?
The “‘safety center” is an exclusive
Meds’ feature that nearly doubles the
area of absorption. This means Meds
absorb faster—and so surely—you can
forget needless fears. Meds are made of
the finest, pure cotton—they hold more
than 300% of their weight in moisture.
eA womans doctor did it? |
Yes, a leading gynecologist—
a woman's doctor—designed
Meds. They are scientifically
shaped to fit. As for comfort,
you feel as free as any other
day! Nothing to pin! Nothing
to bulge or show! No odor
j worries! Easier to use, too—
each Meds comes in a one-
time-use applicator that ends
gy old difficulties.
eh)
But don't these special
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318
Hf i th
(Con trol
Your physician has
at his command
the most complete
information on this
subject.
Correct advice on
birth control must
be based on the
requirements and
needs of the
individual patient,
just as in any other
medical problem.
Remember: |f you seek
scientific information
on birth control—go
to your physician.
‘ Ne Mand Flaubes Co, Ine.
seeks to brush up on _ individual
sport technics or rules for team
play with a view to improving his
enjoyment of sport spectacles
though certainly a careful study of
the chapters on offense, defense and
playmaking in the book on_ ice
hockey by Dartmouth’s Eddie Jere-
miah would be helpful to the many
fans who spend the greater part of
their evenings at the Garden, or the
Stadium, or wherever, in utter con-
fusion. Rather, these are blueprints
for the whole-hog participant or
coach who wants to take the game
apart and look inside; emphasis
throughout is on rudimentary play,
but tips to the expert are also pres-
ent in abundance.
To the young athlete who must
try to develop his skills without
benefit of individual coaching, these
books should be a valuable guide.
To the coach who serves a small
institution which cannot afford a
specialist in every field, and who
must therefore supervise play in
games for which he has no experi-
ence or talent, they should be a
godsend.
R. M,. CUNNINGHAM, JR.
People Are Important
By Floyd L. Ruch, Gordon N. Mackenzie
and Margaret MeClean. Cloth. Pp. 283.
Price, $1.32. Scott, Foresman and Com-
pany: Chicago, 1941.
This attractive volume is not
merely a textbook; it is a guidebook
of daily living. Part One deals with
HYGEIA
the individual and his reaction to
everyday occurrences. Discussed
are topics such as what makes each
person different, why we act as
we do and how our emotions infly-
ence us in all our actions. Part Two
deals with the individual and his
activities and shows how he can
improve his learning. The chapter
on “Choosing Your Life Work” wil]
be the most interesting one in the
book. Part Three deals with human
relationships. At the end of each
chapter is a well selected bibli-
ography that should stimulate fur-
ther reading on each topic. The
chart on “job data,” showing the
earnings of various vocations and
their advancement opportunities, is
excellent. The parents of high
school students will derive pleasure
and a great deal of profit from read-
ing the book, as it will help to
explain the modern high school
student and his problems.
P, A. TESCHNER, M.D.
NOTICE
Books reviewed in this section should be
ordered from booksellers or direct from
the publishers. They may not be secured
through HyGeia or the American Medical
Association, unless published by _ this
organization. The following list contains the
complete addresses where the publishers
mentioned in these reviews may be reached:
A. S. Barnes & Company, 67 West 41th
Street, New York City.
Emerson Books, Inc., 251 West 19th Street,
New York City.
Scott, Foresman and Company, 623 §S.
Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.
Laboratory Technicians Wanted
(Continued from page 262)
knowledge is required for these
positions, this personnel must be
specially trained in the operation
of medical diagnostic and_ thera-
peutic equipment; technicians must
be trained to make proper and ac-
curate observations which assist the
physician, and they must be able
to handle patients to the extent that
efficient management of the techni-
cal departments requires.
X-RAY AND CLINICAL LABORATORY
TECHNICIANS
The greatest demand is for x-ray
and clinical laboratory technicians.
The x-ray technician must be pre-
pared to follow through completely
—from the physician’s instructions
on the examinations to be taken to
the preparation of plates for his ob-
servation and judgment. He must
know his equipment thoroughly.
He must know what positions the
patient must assume for each ex-
posure necessary in the examina-
tion; he must know also how the
injured patient should be handled
to prevent aggravation of the injury.
The clinical laboratory technician
must be able to complete the rou-
tine blood counts and_ urinalyses
which the physician may require
for most of his patients in addition
to many tests that are called for
less frequently. In no sense is he
eX
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tri
wi
no
of
Ca
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sc
til
in
CO
th
m
la
mM
EIA
to
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ach
as
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wo
his
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iter
vill
the
lan
ich
li-
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‘he
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nd
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be
ym
1is
April 1942
expected to replace or perform the
functions of the pathologist’ or
pacteriologist—rather, he must be
rained to prepare specimens for
examination by these professional
workers, so that their time shall
not be wasted in the performance
of purely routine duties.
TRAINING COURSES
Persons interested in training
themselves to fill positions as medi-
cal technicians should seek instruc-
tion at recognized and approved
schools, since they might find after
time and money was spent obtain-
ing a diploma from one of the many
commercial courses offered that its
content was not such as to qualify
them to work with the medical pro-
fession. The Council on Medical
Education and Hospitals of the
American Medical Association has
approved 174 schools for the train-
ing of clinical laboratory — tech-
nicians; most of the approved
schools are located in and _ oper-
ated under the supervision of large
general hospitals, although a few
schools on the approved list are
operating in public health depart-
ment laboratories. The approved
schools require as a prerequisite for
admission either two years of col-
lege work, including chemistry and
biology, or graduation from a recog-
nized school of nursing—in the
latter case, a year of college chem-
istry is also required.
Most of the courses are of twelve
months’ duration and include in-
struction in biochemistry, hema-
bacteriology, parisitology,
histology and serology, as well as
the fundamentals of record keeping.
The curriculums are planned to in-
clude lectures and demonstrations,
informal discussions, supervised
practice to perfect manual technics
and oral and written examina-
lions. Schools for x-ray tech-
which follow the same
general pattern—with less empha-
sis on chemistry and biology as
prerequisites—are approved by the
American Registry of X-ray Tech-
tology,
nicians,
Ricians; graduates of listed schools
are eligible to apply for member-
ship in the Registry—the shortest
roule to establish qualification for
competent trainees.
To meet emergency Army and
Navy demands for technicians,
thousands of enlisted and drafted
en with appropriate educational
background are being trained for
these positions in Army and Navy
hospitals. Civilian schools, how-
ever, must be expected to graduate
an adequate supply of technicians
to replace those already called from
civilian to government service. The
man or woman who enrolls for
such training today is virtually
assured of steady and useful em-
ployment for years to come, pro-
vided, of course, that he or she
proves competent to master the
technics taught in the schools and
give competent performance on the
job. A brochure prepared by the
Council on Medical Education and
Hospitals states that salaries for
medical technicians in civilian hos-
pitals range from 875 to 8150 a
month, with meals and living quar-
ters usually provided.
PHYSICAL AND OCCUPATIONAL
THERAPISTS
The Council has also approved a
number of schools for the training
of physical and occupational thera-
pists. Courses of instruction vary
from one to two years in length.
Physical therapists are trained to
apply the devices and programs
which have been developed by the
medical profession to treat disease
by mechanical means—such as heat,
light, manipulation or movement.
Occupational therapy comprises the
selection and supervision of suit-
able work programs for sick peo-
ple, taking into consideration their
peculiarities of physical condition,
temperament and ability. Civilian
opportunities in these important
fields are expanding as physicians
in increasing numbers look to their
hospitals to furnish adequate per-
sonnel and equipment facilities to
implement their management of dis-
ease in all types of therapeutic pro-
grams, and as qualified technicians
are called into the government
services.
Up-to-date lists including descriptions o/
approved schools and detailed statements of
requirements, tuition and curriculum will
be published shortly in The Journal of the
American Medical Associalion. Informa-
tion on registration may also be obtained
through inquiry addressed to the following
sources:
American Occupational Therapy Associa-
tion, 175 Fifth Ave., New York City.
American Registry of Physical Therapy
Technicians, 30 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago,
Hl.
American Registry of X-ray Technicians,
Glen Lake Sanitorium, Oak Terrace, Minn.
Board of Registry, American Society of
Clinical Pathologists, Ball Memorial Hos-
pital, Muncie, Ind.
Registrar, American Association of Medical
Record Librarians, Ross General Hos-
pital, Ross, Calif.
319
INDEX
to HYGEIA
ADVERTISEMENTS
American Institute of Baking 285
American Meat Institute 281
Armand Company. 292
Beauty Counselors, Inc 293
Beverly Farm, Inc 316
Camp, S. H. & Company 290
Carnation Company 303
Chicopee Sales Corporation 307
Church Grape Juice Company. 286
Duke Laboratories, Inc 298
Durkee Famous Foods. 286
Factor, Max, & Company 299
Fairfield Hall. 316
General Electric Co. (Mazda Lamp) 289
General Foods Corporation
Post’s 41% Bran Flakes 287
Postum 283
General Mills, Inc 3rd Cover
Guild of Presc. Opticians of Amer., Inc
; 312-313
Hansen’s Chr., Lab., Inc 282
Heinz, H. J., Company
Second Cover
Holland-Rantos Co., Inc. 318
Hygeia Nursing Bottle Co 309
Hynson, Westcott & Dunning Back Cover
Kassel, L. H., & Company 286
La Loma Feliz. 316
Luzier’s, Inc ; 291
Maiden Form Brassiere Company 300
Marcelle Hypo-Allergenic Cosmetics. 246
Mead Johnson & Company. 241
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company . 278
Minneapolis Knitting Works. 305
Moran Shoe Company 309
Nonspi Company. 292
Num Specialty Company. 306
Parke, Davis & Company. 247
Penick & Ford, Inc.
(Brer Rabbit Molasses). 280
Personal Products Corp. 317
Phillips, Dr. P., Company 286
Pyramid Rubber Company. 308
Roberts, Johnson & Rand Shoe Company. 304
Soft-Lite Lens Company 245
Spirella Company, Inc 297
Squibb, E. R., & Son 242
Sun-Rayed Company 286
Takamine Corporation. 294
Tampax, Incorporated 295
Taylor, Frank F., Company. 308
Tre-Zur Brassiere Company 294
Trimfoot Company 306
Trowbridge Training School 316
Tykie Toy Company 309
Upjohn Company 277
Van Camp Sea Food Company, Inc 286
Wood, Géorge, Sons & Co.
(Royal Red Star Diapers)........... 301
320
OF THE MONTH
One of the Ways the Japs
Fight Wars
Illicit commerce in drugs is an
important part of the aggressive
policy of the Japanese government,
The Journal of the American Medi-
cal Association declares.
“The role played by the ‘superior’
race” The Journal points out, “in
the enslavement of the other races
through the use of narcotics is re-
vealed in a statement by the Secre-
tary of the Treasury, Mr. Morgen-
thau. Commissioner of Narcotics
Harry J. Anslinger reported to the
secretary that he had abundant
proof that Japan had defied inter-
national commitments by promoting
the opium trade. The Japanese
officials had three objectives in their
traflic: to gain revenue, to corrupt
Western nations and to weaken and
enslave the peoples of lands already
invaded or marked for invasion.
Wherever the Japanese army goes,
the drug traffic follows. This iilicit
commerce in ‘white’ drugs is more
than tolerated by the Japanese gov-
ernment. It constitutes an impor-
tant part of its aggressive policy.”
Study Effect of Boxing on the Heart
Electrocardiograms (graphic trac-
ings of the electric current pro-
duced by the contraction of the
heart muscle) of 35 boxers between
the ages of 16 and 24 years, taken
before and after boxing bouts, did
not reveal evidence that boxing has
any injurious effect on the normal
heart in this age group, J, Scott
Butterworth and Charles A. Poin-
dexter, New York, report in the
American Heart Journal. The two
men point out that the disease-
causing relationship of organic
heart disease to nonpenetrating in-
juries of the chest wall is of con-
siderable present day interest and
that although there is no question
as to the effect of injury on the
heart in animals no comparable
electrocardiographic study in man
has been reported except in a few
cases of accidental injuries.
“Because there are severe
blows in strenuous bouts of boxing,
they say, “it was thought that elec-
chest
9
trocardiographic study before and.
after such bouts might indicate evi-
dence of organic damage of the
heart.”
Their study was made on a group
of boys in the annual Golden Gloves
Boxing Tournament. They point
out, however, that different results
might be expected if a similar study
were made on a group of older men,
as age changes and arteriosclerosis
(hardening of the arteries) might be
present and act as a predisposing
factor to injury. It is usually in
these latter age groups that such
injury occurs, they point out.
Stock Plates of Vitallium for
Skull Defects
The use of stock plates of vital-
lium to repair defects of the skull
appears to be satisfactory, Claude S.
Beck, Cleveland, declares in a pre-
liminary report published in The
Journal of the American Medical
Association. He says his report is
made because such plates might be
useful in the care of war wounded.
Removing Warts on Soles of
the Feet
A technic for the destruction of
warts on the soles of the feet by
means of an electrical cutting cur-
rent, provided by equipment which
they say is found in the offices and
clinics of most skin specialists, is
reported by Florentine L. Karp
and Samuel B. Frank, New York,
in the Archives of Dermatology and
Syphilology, with the recommenda-
tion that it be used as routine treat-
ment for the plantar warts. They
point out that the patient can con-
tinue his vocation from the begin-
ning of treatment without discom-
fort. “Results from this procedure,”
they say, “are more nearly ideal
HYGEIA
than with any other form of treat-
ment, since postoperative discom-
fort and formation of scar tissue
are reduced to the minimum and
the technic is simplified.”
They have been using it for the
past eleven years with complete
satisfaction.
A New Way to Determine Obesity
The determination of obesity (ex-
cessive fat) in regard to the physi-
cal fitness of a person should be
measured by means of specific
gravity, not by the standard tables
which interpret weight in relation
to height and age, two groups of
authors contend in The Journal of
the American Medical Association.
A. R. Behnke Jr., Lieutenant Com-
mander, M. C., United States Navy,
and B. G. Feen, Lieutenant, M. C.,
United States Navy, report data
which they say “support the con-
cept that the comparatively low
specific gravity of fat makes the
measurement of the specific gravity
of the body mass valid for the esti-
mation of fat content.”
In another paper, W. C. Welham,
Lieutenant, M. C., United States
Navy, and Commander Behnke re-
port investigations showing that a
group of heavy but lean men possess
a high average value for specific
gravity.
An Aid in Management of Some
Risks of Hemophiliacs
Dried human plasma (the fluid
portion of the blood) was found
effective in 5 patients in the man-
agement of hemarthroses (hemor-
rhages into joints), hematuria (dis-
charge of blood into the urine) and
tooth extractions in patients with
hemophilia, John B. Johnson,
Washington, D. C., reports in The
Journal of the American Medical
Association.
The method reported by him in-
volves the rapid drying of frozen
plasma in a partial vacuum at low
temperature. Just before injection,
the dried plasma is dissolved in a,
physiologic solution of sodium chlo-
ride and injected into the vein of
the patient with hemophilia. He
says that about one hundred injec-
tions of such plasma have _ been
given to 5 patients without typing
and in only one instance was there
any reaction. There was a prompt
response to the injections.
es.
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